chapter 15

Question 1

What were indulgences

Answer 1

• payment could be made to the church for an indulgence
  -indulgences allowed the buyer to escape punishment for sins
  -or payment could be made for a loved one that died, so that they would avoid suffering for their sins.
  -In the early 1500 Johann Tetzel sold Indulgences to raise money for a new church to be built in Rome.
  German monk Martin Luther disagreed with this practice. He argued that people could only achieve salvation (go to heaven) through faith alone.

Question 2

What is reformation?

Answer 2

• Monk Martin Luther wrote 95 theses or arguments challenging indulgences. He felt the church had too much power. He started the reformation.
• Reformation is the term used to describe Martin Luthers break with the church and the movement it inspired to others to reform.
• Henry VIII of England also broke away from the church and became the head of a new church, the Church of England, or Anglican Church. So the people of England were part of the Reformation.
• Other Christians separated from the Catholic church they were call Protestants.
• Eventually the Catholic church went through a reformation. Paul III strengthened the church and helped focus the church on many of the abuses and made changes to turn the churches focus to matters of religion and spirituality.

Question 3

Who was Michelangelo? What was he famous for?

Answer 3

• Michelangelo was an italian renaissance painter, sculptor, architect and poet. One of his greatest works is the painting of the Last Judgement on the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel.
• His other famous piece is a marble statue representing the biblical hero David.

Question 4

What were the 95 Theses?

Answer 4

• The 95 Theses was a document written by Martin Luther.
• Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses and posted them on the Church door at Wittenberg, Germany.
• They were 95 arguments why the Church should not practice indulgences (payment for forgiveness of sins).
• Luther felt that priests could only perform certain Church rituals. He said the Bible was the only true authority and if the Pope’s teachings did not follow the bible then people could disobey the Pope.
• The Church was outraged and tried to have German officials punish him.

Question 5

Who was Henry VIII?

How was Henry VIII involved in the reformation?

Answer 5

• Henry VIII was the King of England
• He wanted a son to inherit his throne. He and his wife only had a daughter. He wanted to marry another woman, however the Church would not end his marriage to Catherine.
• Originally Henry was a strong supporter of the Church, however because they would not grant his request to end his marriage, in 1534 he broke away from the Catholic Church and became the head of a new church, the Church of England. Now the people of England were part of the reformation.

Question 6

What was the most famous piece of art created by italian artist Leonardo da Vinci?

Answer 6

The Mona Lisa

Question 7

What was Leonardo da Vinci?

a. artist
b. scientist
c. inventor
d. all of the above

Answer 7

d. All of the above

Question 8

When was the Renaissance?

a. 1800-1950’s
b. 1100-1300’s
c. 1300-1650’s
d. 800-1100’s

Answer 8

c. 1300-1650’s

Question 9

What is the Renaissance?

Answer 9

• Renaissance is a widespread change in culture that took place in Europe beginning with the 1300’s.
• It began in Italy
• Italy’s cities became centers European Trade based on its location in the Mediterranean Sea. Successful merchants bought up feudal lands (held by kings). The most powerful Italian cities became independent city-states.

Question 10

Humanism

Answer 10

• The interest in the classics is known as humanism. Writings of the ancient Romans and Greeks. They focused on nature, beauty and the physical world.

Question 11

Francesco Petrarch

Answer 11

The first great humanist. He was a poet, who’s sonnets reveal a view of love and nature. As a child he loved the works or Cicero and other roman writers.

Question 12

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 12

• a famous artist who filled 4,000 notebook pages filled with sketches and notes about the world around him.
• painted the Mona Lisa

Question 13

Donatello

Answer 13

• a sculptor who worked in Florence who created life-like sculptures of the human body.
• Created a series of sculptures of the biblical figure David.
• He used marble and bronze for his sculptures.

Question 14

Moveable Type

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 14

Moveable type is individual letters and marks that could be arranged and rearranged quickly.

Johannes Gutenberg created moveable type and also developed the printing press machine that used movable type to print pages. This allowed the availability of books and helped ideas travel in Europe and the world.

Question 15

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 15

• a catholic priest who was the leading figure of Christian humanism.
• he wrote “In Praise of Folly” and mocked certain church practices.
• a leading scholar of Greek and Latin and his efforts had a powerful impact on education in Europe.
• One of his closest friends was Sir Thomas More

Question 16

Sir Thomas More

Answer 16

• he was a lawyer
• He may have been influenced by Greek thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle.
• His famous work was “Utopia”. It described an ideal world based on Greek philosophy. In his work he pointed out flaws in the world such as divisions between people who were politically weak and others woe were politically powerful.

Question 17

William Shakespeare

Answer 17

• Englands best know poet
• He wrote 37 plays, many based on plots from ancient works.
• The common theme shared by many renaissance writers in France and England was humanism. Topics like love and patriotism.

Question 18

Jan van Eyck

Answer 18

• He was an artist and master of realistic portraits. He used multiple layers of oil paints to create rich visual effects.
  He was from the Netherlands.

Question 19

Johann Tetzel

Answer 19

• He was a preacher that said a person could receive an indulgence if they gave a contribution to the church.
• He said an indulgence could be used to help a loved one how had died. He said that the person who died would not suffer for their sins. Their suffering could be avoided if they paid a small sum of money to the church.
• Tetzel sold indulgences as part of an effort to raise money for a new church in Rome.

Question 20

Anabaptists

Answer 20

• The anabaptists was a religion that was formed during the reformation. They did not believe in baptism of infants. Only older people that had faith could be baptized.

Question 21

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 21

Ulrich Zwingli was from Switzerland. He formed a church called the Zwinglians and they believed that the Bible contained all religious truth.

Question 22

John Calvin

Answer 22

He was a preacher in Switzerland that believed faith alone could win salvation and that God determined a long time ago who would be saved. This was known as predestination.

Question 23

Council of Trent

Answer 23

Pope Paul III called for a meeting known as the Council of Trent. This meeting was held to discuss the corrupt practices among the clergy and focus on all of the abuses that had led to the reformation.

Question 24

Jesuits

Answer 24

During the catholic reformation the establishment of the Society of Jesus was created. This was a religious order or group led by Ignatius Loyola. They worked tirelessly to educate people and spread the Catholic faith.

Question 25

Avignon Papacy

Answer 25

Roman catholic papacy during 1309-1372 when the popes took up residency at Avignon instead of Rome. Because of the current political conditions.

Question 26

Diet of Worms

Answer 26

An assembly held in Worms, Germany. Martin Luther appeared before the Emperor. They wanted him to recant his 95 Theses but he wouldn’t. They declared him an outlaw.