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Chapter 16 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Gyri 429

A

Folds within the brain

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2
Q

Sulci pg 429

A

Shallow depressions between those folds

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3
Q

Rostral pg 430

A

Toward the nose

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4
Q

Caudal 430

A

Towards the tail

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5
Q

Primary brain vesicles 430

A

Prosenccephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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6
Q

Prosencephalon

A

The fore brain

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7
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid Brain

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8
Q

Rhombencephalone

A

hind brain

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9
Q

Gray matter

A

Houses motor neurons and interneurons cell bodies, dendrites, terminal arborizations and unmyelinated axons

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10
Q

White matter

A

Derives its color from myelinated axons.

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11
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of gray matter

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12
Q

Cerebral nuclei

A

/internal to white matter contains internal clusters of gray matter

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13
Q

Meninges 437

A

Surround, support, stabilize and partition portions of the brain

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14
Q

Cranial meninges 437

A

are connective tissue layers that seperate the soft tissue of the bone from the bones of the cranium

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15
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost of the cranial meninges -> Arachnoid mater-> Meningeal layer/ Periosteal layer = Dura Mater ->

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16
Q

Arachnoid Mater 437

A

Lies external to the pia mater formed of collagen and elastic fibers

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17
Q

Subarachnoid

A

Arachnoid trabeculae extends through this space

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18
Q

Subdural Space

A

Between the arachnoid mater and the overlying dura mater

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19
Q

Dura mater 437

A

Composed of dense irregular connective tissue is external to the arachnoid mater

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20
Q

Meningeal layer 437

A

lies deep to the periosteal layer

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21
Q

Periosteal Layer

A

The more superficial layer forms the periosteum

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22
Q

Dura Venous SInuses

A

Blood filled spaces that drain blood from the brain and transport this blood to the internal jugular veins

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23
Q

Epidural space 437

A

Dura mater and bones of the skull separated by the epidural space.Contain arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones

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24
Q

Cranial Dura Septa 438

A

Meningeal layer of dura mater extends as flat partitions in the cranial cavity at four locations

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25
Q

Cranial Dura Septa 438

A

Double layers of dura

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26
Q

Falx cerebri 438

A

Largest of the 4 dural septa. Sickle shaped vertical fold located in midsagittal plane into longitudinal fissure

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27
Q

Tentorium Cereblli 438

A

Horizontally fold of dura mater that separates occipital and temporal lobes

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28
Q

Tentorial notch

A

Allows for passage off the brain stem 439

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29
Q

Falx Cerebelli

A

Sickle shaped that separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres 439

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30
Q

Diaphragm sellae

A

Small opening within it allows for passage off the infundibulum that attaches to the pituitary gland 439

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31
Q

Superior Sagittal sinus

A

Located in the superior margin of the falx cerebri 439

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32
Q

Inferior Sagittal sinus

A

located in the inferior margin of the falx cerebri 439

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33
Q

Small occipital sinus

A

Within the posterior border of the falx cerebelli 439

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34
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities withinin the brain 439

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35
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

Seperated by a thin medial partition called the septum pellucidum 439

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36
Q

3rd ventricle

A

Within the diencephalon and each lateral ventricle communicates with the 3rd ventricle through an opening called the inter ventricular foramen 440

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37
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Passes through the mid brain and connects the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle 440

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38
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

located between the pons /medulla and the cerebellum.Narrows at its inferior end where it connects with the CENTRAL CANAL in the SPINAL CORD 440

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39
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear colorless liquid in the ventricles and subarachnoid space surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Helps the brain float, cushions from sudden movements, transports nutrients to the brain and remove wastes 440

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40
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Forms CSF in each ventricle. It is composed of ependymal cells and the capillaries that lie within the pia mater 440

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41
Q

Lateral Aperture And Median aperture

A

CSF produce by the choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle flows to 3rd ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct into the subarachnoid space and by passing through the roof openings being lateral apertures and median apertures. 441

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42
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Protects nervous tissue by regulating what substance can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain. 441

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43
Q

Astrocytes

A

Cover and wrap capillaries in the brain 441

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44
Q

Cerebrum

A

Location of thought and consciousness and origin of all complex intellectual functions 444

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45
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of gray material to the cerebrum 445

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46
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Cerebrum is composed of left and right cerebral hemispheres 445

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47
Q

Gyri

A

Folds into elevated ridges that allow a greater amount of cortex to fit

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48
Q

Fissures

A

Adjacent gyri are seperated by deeper grooves called fissures 445

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49
Q

Tracts

A

Form white matter regions that allow commnication among them 445

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50
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest of the white matter tracts 445

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51
Q

Hemispheric lateralization

A

Two hemispheres may look the same but provide different functions

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52
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Forms the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. 446

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53
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Marks the boundary with the parietal lobe 446

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54
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Inferior border of the frontal lobe

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55
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Lies internal to the parietal bone

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56
Q

Parieto occipital sulcus

A

Is where the parietal lobe terminates anteriorly 446

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57
Q

Post central gyrus

A

A mass of nervous tissue posterior to the central sulcus 446

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58
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Lies inferior to the lateral sulcus 446

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59
Q

Insula

A

Small lobe deep to the the lateral sulcus. 446

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60
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Neurons here control voluntary skeletal muscle activity 446

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61
Q

Motor homunculus

A

Primary motor cortex to various body parts 446

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62
Q

Motor speech area

A

Controls muscular movements necessary for vocalization 446

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63
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Regulates eye movements needed for reading and coordinating binocular vision 446

64
Q

Adjacent areas to primary cortex = pre motor cortex

A

Coordinates learned skilled motor activities 447

65
Q

Primary somato sensory cortex

A

Receive general somatic info such as touch, pressure, pain and temperature receptors 447

66
Q

Sensory Homonculus

A

Indicates the amount of sensory info for lips,fingers, and genital region 447

67
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Integrates sensory information and interprets sensations to determine texture, temperature, and pressure 447

68
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Receives, processes and stores incoming visual info 447

69
Q

Visual Association Area

A

Analyzes color, movement and form to identify the things we see 447

70
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Receives,processes and stores auditory information 448

71
Q

Auditory association area

A

Integrates and interprets the characteristics of sound

72
Q

Primary olfactory cortex

A

Receives, processes and stores taste information 448

73
Q

Pre frontal cortex

A

A functional brain region that is associated with many higher intellectual functions such as complex thought, judgement and expression of personality 448

74
Q

Wernicke area

A

Works with motor speech to comprehend or speak written language

75
Q

Central white matter

A

Is composed of myelinated axons 449

76
Q

Association tracts

A

Connect different regions of thecerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

77
Q

Longtitudinal fasciculi

A

Connect gyri in different lobes 449

78
Q

Commisural tracts

A

Extend between the cerebral hemispheres through axonal bridges 450

79
Q

Corpus callosum and anterior and posterior commisures

A

Link the cerbral cortex to the inferior brain regions and spinal cord 450

80
Q

Internal capsule

A

Group of axons in tracts passing to and from cortex between the cerebral nuclei 450

81
Q

Cerebral nuclei( basal ganglia)

A

Are paired irregular masses of gray matter within central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemisphere 4450

82
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Has an enlarged head 451

83
Q

Amygdaloid body

A

Expanded region at the tail of the nucleus 451

84
Q

Putamen globus pallidus

A

Two masses of gray positioned between the insula 542

85
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Globus pallidus and putamen combine to form a larger body 452

86
Q

Claustrum

A

Thins sliver of gray matter formed by a layer of neurons 452

87
Q

Diencephalon

A

The in between brain providing the relay centers for sensory and motor pathways 452

88
Q

Epithalmus

A

Forms the posterior roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle 453

89
Q

Pineal gland

A

Is an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin 453

90
Q

Habenular nuclei

A

Help relay signals from the limbic system 453

91
Q

Thalmus

A

Ovals masses of gray matter within that lie on each side of the ventricle 453

92
Q

Interthalmic adhesion

A

Small midline mass of gray matter 453

93
Q

Thalmic nuclei

A

Axons from these nuclei projectto specific regions of the cerebral cortex 453

94
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Is the anterior region of the diencephalon

95
Q

Infundibulum

A

Extends inferiorly from the hypothalmus to attach to pituitary gland 454

96
Q

Master control of the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalmus is a major “president”autonomic integration center 454

97
Q

Master control of endocrine system

A

Hypothalmus President of another corporation the endocrine system 454

98
Q

Regulation of body temperature

A

Bodys thermostat is located within the hypothalmus 455

99
Q

Control of human behavior

A

Lies within the hypothalmus limbic system 455

100
Q

Control of food intake

A

Neurons with ventromedial nucleus monitor levels of nutrients such as glucose 455

101
Q

Control of water intake

A

Specific neurons within the anterior nucleus monitor the blood solute 455

102
Q

Regulation of sleep wake circadian rhythm

A

Suprachiasmitic nucleus directs the pineal gland to secrete melatonin 455

103
Q

Brainstem

A

Connects the prosencephelon to the pinal cord 455

104
Q

Mid brain

A

Superior portion of the brain stem 455

105
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Connecting the third and fourth ventricles 455

106
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter

A

Nuclei of two cranial nerves Occulo motor nerve iii and trochlear nerve IV

107
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Connecting the cerebellum to the midbrain 455

108
Q

Superior cerbelar peduncles connecting the cerebellum to the mid brain

A

455 connecting the cerebellum to the mid brain

109
Q

Tegmentum

A

Sandwhiched between the substantia nigra and periaqueductal gray matter contains red nuclei, medial meniscus and reticular formation 455

110
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Consists of bilaterally symettrical nuclei 455

112
Q

Tectum

A

Contains two pair of nuclei is the posterior region of the midbrain dorsal 455

113
Q

Tectal plate

A

These nuclei are relay stations 455

114
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Are superior nuclei called visual reflex centers 455

115
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Control the turning of your head 455

116
Q

Pons

A

Bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem 457

117
Q

Middle cerebelar peduncles

A

Transverse group of fibers that connect the pons to the cerebellum 457

118
Q

Pontine respiratory center

A

Along with the medullary respiratory center within the medulla oblongata regulate skeletal muscles of breathing. 457

119
Q

Pons

A

Houses cn v cn vi and cn vii

120
Q

Medulla oblongota

A

Formed from the MyeleCephalon is the most inferior part of the brain stem 458

121
Q

Pyramids

A

House the motor projection tracts called the cortico spinal tracts 458

122
Q

Decussation of the pyramids

A

Axons cross to this point 458

123
Q

Olive

A

A distinct bulge

124
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus

A

Contain a large fold of gray matter 458

125
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Are tracts that connect the medulla oblongota to the cerebellum 458

126
Q

Nucleus cuneatus and nucleus graccilis

A

Contained by the medulla oblongota which relay information to the thalmus

127
Q

Medial lemminiscus

A

Projects through the brainstem to the ventral posterior 457

128
Q

Autonomic nuclei

A

Regulate functions for life such as blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate 458

129
Q

Cerebellum

A

Develops from the metencephalon

130
Q

Folia

A

Folds of the cerebellar cortex 459

131
Q

Cerebellum

A

Has left and right sides Each hemisphere has a anterior lobe and posterior lobe which are seperated by primary fissure 459

132
Q

Vermis

A

Is along the midline of the cerebellum that separates the right and left hemispheres 459

133
Q

Arbor vitae

A

White matter of the cerebellum 460

134
Q

Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome

A

To describe patients with cerebellar damage

135
Q

Cerebllar peduncles

A

Link the cerebellum with the brainstem 460

136
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Connect the pons to the cerebellum 460

137
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Connect the cerebellum to the medulla oblongota 460

138
Q

Limbic system

A

Is a diencephalic structure that involves motivation,emotion and memory 461

139
Q

Structures of limbic system — Cingulate gyrus

A

Internal mass of cerebral cortex located within longtitudinal fissure 461

140
Q

SOLS Parahippocampal gyrus

A

Mass of cortical tissue

141
Q

SOTLS Hippocmapus

A

Nucleus located superior to the parahippocampal gyrus that connects to the diencephalon 461

142
Q

SOTLS Amygdaloid body

A

Connects to the hippocampus

143
Q

SOTLS Olfacotry bulbs/ tracts/ cortex

A

Can provoke certain emotions or associate with certain memories

144
Q

Fornix SOTLS

A

A thin tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus to the diencephalon

145
Q

ANterior thalmic, septal nuclei,mammilary bodies

A

Interconnects other parts of the limbic system 461

146
Q

Olfactory CN I

A

Functions for smell

147
Q

Optic nerve II

A

Functions for vision

148
Q

Oculomotor III

A

Elevates Eyelid and innervates sphincter pupillae 464

149
Q

Trochlear IV

A

Superior oblique eye muscle

150
Q

Trigeminal V

A

Sensory from anterior scalp/muscles of mastication

151
Q

Abducens VI

A

Lateral rectus eye muscle 464

152
Q

Facial VII

A

Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

153
Q

Vestubulocochlear nerve VIII

154
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

General sensory

155
Q

Vagus X

A

Visceral sensory information from thoracic organs

156
Q

Accessory XI

A

Trapezius muscle

157
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Intrinsic tongue muscles and extrinsic tongue muscle

Chapter 16 (2 decks)

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