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BMS 612 Exam 3 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogen serves as the

A

main storage form of glucose in animals esp live and muscle

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2
Q

Purpose of glycogen in muscle

A

provides an immediate source of glucose for quick energy during physical activity

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3
Q

Purpos eof glycogen in the liver

A

acts as a reservoir to regulate blood glucose levels, releasing into bloodstream when necessary

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4
Q

Glycoggen structure

A

highly branched polymer made up glucose moleucles with branch points allowing it to release glucose rapidly from mutiple points

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4
Q

Beta granules

A

smaller glycogen particules found in the muscle cells

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4
Q

purpos beta granules

A

quick energy release

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4
Q

B granulues shape

A

arranged in chains

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5
Q

how many non reducing ends are there in beta granules?

A

2,000 non reducing ends per beta molecules

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6
Q

Alpha granules structure

A

larger clusters in liver that conisist of mutiple beta granules.

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7
Q

Purpose of Alpha granules

A

absent after 24 hrs
provide a slower but sustained release of cluose to maintain blood sugar

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8
Q

which granule is easier for enzymes?

A

Beta bc they are in free form alpha granules have embedded enzymes making it harder to bind

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9
Q

Gylcogen dimer

A

serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis

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10
Q

1-4 link

A
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11
Q

1-6 link

A
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12
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen

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13
Q

Glycogenesis

A

glycogen building

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14
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

catalyzes glycogen breakdown

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15
Q

how do glycogen phossphorlyase aid in glycogen breakdown?

A

proteolytic cleavage or cuts glycogen chains by adding a phsophate

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16
Q

where does the glycogen phosphorylase work?

A

non reducing end

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17
Q

What’s required for the glycogen phosphorylase? [cofactor]

A

pyridoxial phosphate

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18
Q

Role of pyridoxial phosphate

A

speds up reaction by making it easier for the phosphate from IP to break down bonds in glycogen

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19
Q

repeattive

A
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20
Q

When glycogen is brokden down it rleeases a form of glucose called

A

glucose 1-phosphate

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21
Q

Purpose of phosphoglucomutase

A

convert glucose 1- phosphate to glucose 6 phosohate group

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22
Q

Fate of G6P in liver

A

G6P can further be converted to regular glucose whihc then enters the bloodsteeam to help maintain blood sugar levels

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23
Q

Fate of G6P in skeletal muscle

A

G6P will be used in glycolysis

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24
Q

Sugar nucleotide UDP glucose

A
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25
Q

What are sugar nucleotides

A

modified forms of sugars where a secific anomeric carbon is activtaed

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26
Q

hOW DO SUGAR NUCLEOTIDES SUCHAS udp ACTIVATE

A

ATTACHMENT OF A NUCLEOTIDE TO A SUGAR VIA a phosphate linkage

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27
Q

Purpose of UDP Glucose

A

main form of glucose used to build glyocgenn

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28
Q

What does it mean by UDP tag

A
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29
Q

Why is UDP good for synthesis purposes?

A

Irreversible function - UDP glucose doesnt easily reverse
nucleotide moetit
efficent leaving group
taggin function

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30
Q

What drives the formation of UDP-glucose?

A

the removsl of a by product PPI or phyrophosphate which release a alarge amount of energy.

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31
Q

What’s the energy releease for UDP formation

A

-19.2kj/mol
pushes reacin forward strongly

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32
Q

What are the main sources of glucose 6-phosphate>?

A

Hexokinase - converts glucose in blood to g6p
Liver conversion from lactate

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33
Q

What facilitates thr conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose 1phosphate

A

Phosphoglucomutase

34
Q

Why is g6p converted to g1p?

A

to become apart of udp glucose

35
Q

udp glucose phos

36
Q

glyogen syn

A

adds glucose units one by one to the non reducing end of the growing glyocgen chain using UDP glucose

37
Q

Branching Enzyme

A

creates branches by breaking off a small glucose chain from the main chain and attaching it to a different point

38
Q

Why does branching enzymes move branches?

A

allows for faster breakdownlater as it creates more point which glucose can be released

39
Q

Whats the end result after rbanching enzymes are complete?

A

a highly branched efficent glycogen molecule ready for quick release

40
Q

What is required for glycogen synthesis?

A

primer or gylcogenin

41
Q

What is Glycogenin

42
Q

1st reaction in glycogenin mechanism

A

Glycogenin attaches the 1st glucose molecule to tyrosine
o glycosidicic linkage
autocatalytic reaction

43
Q

The first reaction in glycogenin mechanism is considered autocatalytics meaning?

A

glycogenin adds glucose to itself

44
Q

2nd reaction in glycogenin mechanism

A

glycogenin then adds around 7 more flucose from udp glucose forming a shorter starer chain

45
Q

what occurs after the short chain is in place?

A

enzymes can continue building and branching glycogen

46
Q

Phosphorylase a

A

catalytically active form ready to break down glycogen

47
Q

phosphorylase b

A

LESS active and predominates in resting muscle

48
Q

catalytic anbolic vs

49
Q

when is phsophorylayze activates?

A

high levels of glycogen ?

50
Q

Skeletal muscles have no receptors for

51
Q

Phosphorylase b is converted to phosphorylase a to become active via

A

Phosohorylation of phosphroylaze b

52
Q

Wha triggers the phosphorlyation of phosphorylase b

53
Q

What hormone triggers phosphorylation of phoyslayes b in the muscle?

A

Epinephrine

54
Q

What hormone triggers phosphorylation of phoyslayes b in the liver?

55
Q

glucagon vs epinephrine

A

catabolic vs fight or flight

56
Q

When is epineohrine released?

A

in muscles during virgous muscle activity

57
Q

when are amp levels high?

A

during high muscle acitity

58
Q

AMP activation

A

AMP binds to phosphorylase b in muscle cells actviating during low energy states

59
Q

ATP inhibition

A

high atp lvels block amp binding slowing glycogen

60
Q

What does glucagon and epinephrine act upon?

61
Q

What do elevated cAMP initates?

A

an enzyme cascade

62
Q

Enzyme cascade

A

domino effect on catalyst

63
Q

A rise in camp activates Pka which will..

A

phosphorylates phosphorlyase b kinase

64
Q

Purpose of phosphorylase b kinase

A

cataylzes the phsophorylation of glycogen phosphroylase b

65
Q

What is CA 2+ a signal for

A

muscle contraction

66
Q

CA 2+ binds to and activates

A

Phosphorylase b kinase

67
Q

AMP Accumulation

A

during intense activity amp levels rise signaling low energy and activating phsphorylase kinase

68
Q

Phosphorlayse kinase in turn activates

A

gylcogen phosphorylase, promoting glycogen breakdown fro energy

69
Q

Phosphoprotein phosphate 1 PP1

A

REMOVES PHOSPHATE GROUPS DEACTIVATING PHOSPHORYLASE A BACK TO phosphorylase

70
Q

How do phosphoprotein phosphate effect glycogen breakdown process?

A

slows it down

71
Q

Explain the allsoteric control in liver enzymes

72
Q

What happens in liver senses glucose levels

73
Q

glycogen synthase a

A

unphosphorylated and catalytically active

74
Q

glycogen synthase b

A

phosphorylated and inactive unless G6P is present

75
Q

GSK3

A

CATALYZES THE PHSORYLATION OF GLYCOGEN Synthase a

76
Q

What does insulin activate and inactivated?

A

Inactivate - GSK3
Activates - PP1

77
Q

How does G6P acts allosterically with glycogen synthase b

A

to be a better substrate for PP1

78
Q

What does GSK3 require prior to target glycogen synthase?

A

prior phosphorylation by casein kinase 2

79
Q

Role of GSK3

80
Q

gsk3 cannot phosphorylate glycogen synthase until

A

casein kinase 2 CKII has phosphorylated the glycogen synthase on a nearby reisude [a priming event]

81
Q

insulin

82
Q

insulin

83
Q

Glycogen targeting proteins

A

act as scaffolds bringing together enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism

84
Q

What do glycogen targeting proteins coordinate?

A

glycogen synthase
phosohorylase
PP1
allowing for efficent regulation in reponse to hormone leels

85
Q

Insulin activates and inactiates hwat in the liver

BMS 612 Exam 3 (6 decks)

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