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BIO2402 > Chapter 15&16 > Flashcards

Chapter 15&16 Flashcards

1
Q

All of the following are true of red blood cells EXCEPT

A

contain nuclei

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2
Q

Blood proteins play an important role in

A

All of the above.

blood clotting, immunity, maintenance of blood volume

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3
Q

The most abundant WBC (white blood cell) is the

A

Neutrophil (50-70%)

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4
Q

The most abundant plasma protein is

A

Albumin (60%)

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5
Q

Platelets

A

stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break

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6
Q

Fred’s blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

A

none of these.

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7
Q

Which of the following ions is necessary in blood clotting?

A

Ca++

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8
Q

An emergency room patient has been in an automobile accident. He is unconscious and his medical history is unknown, but he is found to have blood type AB+. He needs blood, but only the following types are available. Which would you be able to administer?

A

any of these would be safe. (universal recipient)

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9
Q

The formed elements of blood include

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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10
Q

What is the protein found in erythrocytes that binds with oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

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11
Q

The plasma protein involved in clotting is

A

Fibrinogen

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12
Q

The average lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately

A

4 months (120 days)

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13
Q

The disease associated with the inability to clot blood that results in excessive bleeding is

A

Hemophilia

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14
Q

A person’s blood type is determined by

A

the presence or absence of specific molecules on the cell membrane

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15
Q

In emergencies, which type of blood may be used as a universal donor?

A

Type O

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16
Q

Antibodies against both type-A and type-B surface antigens are found in the plasma of a person who is

A

Type O

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17
Q

An individual with type A blood has

A

A surface antigens and anti-B antibodies

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18
Q

Which of the following is the safest to use in a transfusion of a person with type B blood?

A

type B blood

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19
Q

The plasma pH is maintained approximately

A

7.35-7.45

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20
Q

Suppose your blood is AB positive. This means your blood has

A

A and B antigens and Rh factor

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21
Q

A person who lives in a city at sea level and vacations in the Rocky Mountains would experience an increase

A

in the number of red blood cells in the blood

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22
Q

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called

A

hormones.

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23
Q

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on

A

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

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24
Q

Steroid hormones exert their actions by

A

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

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25
Q

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the

A

thymus gland

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26
Q

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because

A

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

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27
Q

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

A

epinephrine

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28
Q

The major targets of growth hormone are

A

bones and skeletal bones

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29
Q

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through

A

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released.

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30
Q

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to

A

cortisol

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31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?

A

all of these are steroid based.

estrogen, aldosterone, testosterone, cortisol

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32
Q

Insulin

A

functions to lower blood glucose

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33
Q

Glucagon

A

functions to raise blood glucose

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34
Q

Alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

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35
Q

Beta cells

A

secrete insulin

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36
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete parathyroid hormone

37
Q

C Cells

A

secrete calcitonin

38
Q

The figure below depicts blood calcium concentrations over time. Which hormone was injected at time X?

A

PTH

39
Q

Which of the following hormones is (are) secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and promote(s) the synthesis and storage of glucose from non-carbohydrates substrates?

A

Cortisol

40
Q

The function of PTH (parathyroid hormone) is to

A

increase blood calcium levels

41
Q

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as

A

endocrine

42
Q

Certain viruses have been implicated as agents that can destroy beta cells in the pancreas. What hormone deficiency would result from this destruction?

A

Insulin

43
Q

Which of the following glands has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

A

Pancreas

44
Q

Aldosterone is a

A

mineralocorticoid

45
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

all of these

are produced by the cortex of the adrenals, are steroids, help maintain a normal blood glucose level

46
Q

If you were to eat four sugar glazed donuts and drink a large Pepsi, which hormone would you expect to be secreted at higher levels?

A

Insulin

47
Q

The hormone ____ stimulates the deposition of calcium in bone whereas _____ stimulates its removal from bone.

A

calcitonin; parathyroid hormone

48
Q

Hyposecretion of the ADH in adults

A

None of these.

49
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol

A

Cushing’s disease

50
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone is adults

A

Acromegaly

51
Q

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants

A

Cretinism

52
Q

Hormones are released

A

directly into the bloodstream

53
Q

The hormone that causes a decrease in blood calcium levels is known as

A

None of these. (Calcitonin)

54
Q

Parathyroid hormone is “antagonized” by

A

Calcitonin

55
Q

Most of the following hormones bind to receptors at the cell surface except ___ that binds to receptors in the nucleus

A

Testosterone

56
Q

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing kidneys to

A

conserve sodium and excrete potassium

57
Q

Glycogen is a polymer that serves as storage form for glucose, particularly in the liver. If the synthesis of glycogen from glucose is called glycogenesis and the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called glycogenolysis, which of the following best describes the role of insulin and glucagon in controlling these two pathways?

A

insulin stimulates glycogenesis, glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis.

58
Q

Vasopressin is the same hormone as

A

ADH

59
Q

Insulin is instrumental in

A

All of the above.

60
Q

The hormone that causes calcium to be deposited in bone is

A

Calcitonin

61
Q

Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect? They

A

are used to communicate between different organisms

62
Q

A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a

A

target cell

63
Q

The releasing and inhibiting hormones, responsible got regulating one lobe of the pituitary, are secreted by

A

none of these.

64
Q

Endocrine hormones travel

A

in the blood stream

65
Q

Some hormones are “first messengers” needed to trigger formation of a “second messenger” in activating their target cells. This is due to the fact that the first messenger

A

cannot cross the cell membrane

66
Q

The endocrine system and the nervous system are chemically related. Which of the following substances best illustrates this relationship?

A

Norepinephrine

67
Q

Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect?

A

The pituitary participates in the regulation of the gonads

68
Q

Protein hormones bind to specific receptors that are located ___ of target cells.

A

on the plasma membrane

69
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by the

A

posterior pituitary

70
Q

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of

A

releasing hormones

71
Q

Hormones from the hypothalamus affect the release of all of the following except

A

Oxytocin

72
Q

Oxytocin & ADH are produced by the ___ and stored in the ___

A

Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

73
Q

Which combination of hormones helps a mother to produce milk and nurse her baby?

A

Oxytocin and Prolactin

74
Q

Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland(s) require(s) iodine to function properly?

A

Thyroid

75
Q

Which hormone exerts antagonistic action to PTH?

A

Calcitonin

76
Q

A lack of or decrease in insulin hormone receptors on cells can result in

A

type II diabetes

77
Q

Which of the following syndromes is (are) due to abnormalities in growth hormone production or secretion?

A

all of these.

78
Q

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular

A

second messengers

79
Q

ADH

A

is inhibited by alcohol

80
Q

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary is through the

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

81
Q

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluid is

A

Aldosterone

82
Q

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus

A

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

83
Q

ACTH

A

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion.

84
Q

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

A

It’s about 90% water.

85
Q

The mean temperature of blood is

A

100.4 degrees F.

86
Q

Which of the following does not characterize leukocytes?

A

largest number of cells in bloodstream.

87
Q

Which of the following is not a component of homeostasis?

A

clot retraction

88
Q

A blood clot is composed of blood cells, platelets, and a sticky protein called

A

Fibrin

89
Q

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

A

Kidney

BIO2402 (1 decks)

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