CHAPTER 15

Question 1

What are the 4 D’s to know if one has a psychological disorder?

Answer 1

Deviance, Distress, Disfunction, Danger

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

recurring behaviours, thoughts, or emotions that deviate from the typical expectations of a society

Question 3

Distress

Answer 3

the behaviour causes distress to oneself or others

Question 4

Disfunction

Answer 4

the behaviour interferes with daily functioning

Question 5

Danger

Answer 5

the behaviour is harmful to oneself or others

Question 6

When does a behaviour or mental state become deviant?

Answer 6

when it varies from what would be expected, given the cultural context

Question 7

Culture-Bound Syndromes

Answer 7

disorders which are unique to certain cultures

Question 8

What do culture-bound syndromes do?

Answer 8

demonstrate how culture can play a role in both causing & defining a disorder

Question 9

What was Pinel’s approach to disorders?

Answer 9

Disorders are caused by environmental
factors

Question 10

Moral Treatment (for people with disorders in Pinel’s time)

Answer 10

improvements in environment (unchaining!) & holding patient dances (rather than beatings)

Question 11

What was the Syphilis Breakthrough

Answer 11

the discovery that it causes mental symptoms by infecting the brain

Question 12

Psychological Disorders: Psychopathology

Answer 12

an illness of the mind

Question 13

Biospcyhosocial Approach

Answer 13

• genetic predispositions
• physiological
  factors/states
• inner psychological dynamics
• social & cultural circumstances

Question 14

Culture bound disorders: (Malaysia) Amok

Answer 14

Sudden outburst of violent behaviour

Question 15

Culture bound disorders: (Latin America) Susto

Answer 15

Severe anxiety, restlessness, & fear of black magic

Question 16

Culture bound disorders: (Japan) Taijin Kyofusho

Answer 16

Social anxiety about appearance, readiness to blush, and fear of eye contact

Question 17

Culture bound disorders: (Western societies) Bulimia nervosa

Answer 17

eating disorder

Question 18

What is the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)?

Answer 18

One system of classification of Psychological Disorders

Question 19

Classifying Psychological Disorders

Answer 19

Predict, suggest, prompt

Question 20

Criticisms of the DSM

Answer 20

Pathologizing, Arbitrary cutoffs, Lack of sensitivity, Diagnostic labels can bias us toward perceiving a disorder

Question 21

Rates of Psychological Disorders

Answer 21

Highest in U.S., very low rates in Nigeria, China, & Japan, Mexican-Americans = at greater risk of mental disorder vs. those born in Mexico who immigrate

Question 22

Risk Factors and Onset: Poverty-Disorder association

Answer 22

Incidence of serious psychological disorders is double among those below the poverty line

Question 23

Risk Factors and Onset: Age of onset varies by disorder

Answer 23

By early adulthood, around 75% will experience their first symptom

Question 24

Neurodiversity

Answer 24

Different way of processing the world

Question 25

Discomfort

Answer 25

Feel somewhat uncomfortable BUT it’s not dangerous to your well-being

Question 26

Distress

Answer 26

Approaching dangerous territory for your well-being

Question 27

What are Anxiety Disorders

Answer 27

* Pervasive, persistent anxiety * Excessive avoidance/escape * Significant distress/impairment

Question 28

Types of Phobias: Agoraphobia

Answer 28

Phobia of open places

Question 29

Types of Phobias: Acrophobia

Answer 29

Phobia of heights

Question 30

Types of Phobias: Claustrophobia

Answer 30

Phobia of closed spaces

Question 31

Types of Phobias: Hemophobia

Answer 31

Phobia of blood

Question 32

Types of Phobias: Triskaidekaphobia

Answer 32

The number 13

Question 33

Types of Phobias: uxoriphobia

Answer 33

One’s wife

Question 34

Types of Phobias: Santa Claustrophopbia

Answer 34

Getting stuck in a chimney

Question 35

Types of Phobias: phobophobia

Answer 35

Fear itself

Question 36

Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 36

Fear of being rejected, judged, or humiliated

Question 37

Social Anxiety Disorder Vulnerabilities: Biological

Answer 37

* Genetic predisposition; “Shyness”

Question 38

Social Anxiety Disorder Vulnerabilities: Cognitive

Answer 38

* Misinterpret cues – e.g., “Everyone hates me” * Perfectionism standards

Question 39

Social Anxiety Disorder Vulnerabilities: Social/Learning

Answer 39

* Rejection by peers * Over-controlling, critical parents * Prepared conditioning

Question 40

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Answer 40

* Obsessions (unwanted thoughts) * Compulsions (behaviours in response to thoughts)

Question 41

The two sub-types of OCD

Answer 41

* Symmetry/Just Right * Cleaning/Contamination

Question 42

Cognitive- Behavioural Vulnerabilities: Cognition

Answer 42

* Thoughts as unacceptable * Intolerance of uncertainty * Personal responsibility

Question 43

Cognitive- Behavioural Vulnerabilities: Behaviour

Answer 43

Compulsions are negatively reinforced (reduce fear)

Question 44

Hoarding disorder

Answer 44

* Difficulty getting rid of possessions * Living space is severely cluttered * Significant impairment in social, occupational, & other important areas of functioning

Question 45

Trichotillomania

Answer 45

* Recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss * Repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling

Question 46

Window of Tolerance

Answer 46

You feel like you can deal with what's happening in your life.

Question 47

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 47

▪Experiencing extreme stressors ▪Experience/witness trauma ▪Learn about trauma to someone close ▪Repeated or extreme exposure to details

Question 48

Mood Disorders

Answer 48

disabling mood disturbance

Question 49

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder)

Answer 49

Milder depressed mood for most of the day more days than not for ≥ 2 years

Question 50

Neuroendocrine (related to depressive disorders)

Answer 50

* Chronically elevated cortisol * Related to early stress * Reduced development of new neurons

Question 51

Neurotransmitters

Answer 51

* Low serotonin = poor regulation of sleep, emotion, appetite * Dysregulation of norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 52

Basic Cognitive Model of Depression

Answer 52

* Stressful Life Events * Cognitions * Depression

Question 53

What does bipolar disorder alternate between?

Answer 53

Depression and mania

Question 54

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 54

Persistent elevated mood/euphoria OR Irritability