Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

enzymes as a result of translation

A

mutations in genes can lead to nonfunctional enzymes

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2
Q

auxotrophic mutants

A

cannot synthesize a particular amino acid because and enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway os broke by a mutation
1. give auxotrophic mutants a compound that comes after the broken enzyme in the pathway and the mutant will live
2. give auxotrophic mutants a compound that comes before the broken enzyme in the pathway and the mutant will not live

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3
Q

what makes up an amino acid?

A

amino group, hydrogen, carboxyl group, and R group- side chain
the radical group gives each amino acid unique chemical properties- non polar allopathic, aromatic, positive or negative charge, etc.

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4
Q

what bonds join amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

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5
Q

primary protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids
determined by codons

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6
Q

synonymous

A

codons that specify the same amino acid

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7
Q

start codon is for ______

A

methionine

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8
Q

secondary protein structure

A

folds and twists due to amino acid interactions

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9
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

further folding due to secondary structure interactions

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10
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

association among multiple polypeptides

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11
Q

protein domains

A

self-stabilizing and independently functioning region of polypeptide chain; often has distinct function

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12
Q

process of translation

A
  1. tRNA charging
  2. initiation (differences between bacteria and eukaryotes)
  3. elongation
  4. termination
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13
Q

tRNA charging

A
  1. tRNA joins with correct amino acid due to aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
  2. requires ATP
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14
Q

initiation (bacteria)

A
  1. ribosome separates into small and large subunits
  2. small subunit binds to Shine-Dalgrano sequence upstream of stop codon
  3. initiation factors do something
  4. GTP is hydrolyzed
  5. large subunit joins to complete the ribosome
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15
Q

initiation (eukaryotes)

A
  1. initiation complex recognizes 5’ cap and binds there
  2. Kozak sequence indicates start codon
  3. mRNA is exported to cytoplasm
  4. unmodified methionine is first amino acid
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16
Q

elongation

A
  1. helicase in small ribosomal subunit unwinds secondary structures in mRNA
  2. charged tRNA come to A site of ribosome
  3. peptide bond forms between AA in P site and AA in A site
  4. tRNAs exit from the E site of the ribosome
  5. ribosome moves 5’ to 3’ dow the mRNA molecule
17
Q

termination

A
  1. no tRNA matches a stop codon
  2. release factors help polypeptide, tRNA, and mRNA dissociate
18
Q

what is different about translation in bacteria?

A

translation can occur as a transcript is being produced

19
Q

post translational protein modifications

A
  1. molecular chaperones help proteins fold properly
  2. large precursors may be trimmed or cleaved
  3. other chemical groups may be aded
  4. signal sequences may be removed