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Genetics > Chapter 14 Translation and Proteins > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Translation and Proteins Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Translation is the _______________ of amino acids into ____________ chains

A

polymerization

polypeptide

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2
Q

Translation requires…

A
  • amino acids
  • messenger RNA
  • ribosomes
  • transfer RNA
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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of translation?

A
  1. tRNA charging
  2. Initiation
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination
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4
Q

in tRNA charging, __________ bind

A

amino acids

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5
Q

in initiation, components are assembled at the ________

A

ribosome

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6
Q

in elongation, __________ are joined

A

amino acids

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7
Q

in termination, ________________ halts

A

protein synthesis

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8
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNAs (rRNA)

They are subunits

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9
Q

rRNA’s perform _________ functions

A

catalytic

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10
Q

proteins promote _______

A

binding

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11
Q

the tRNA structure is a __ structure, like a __________

A

2D

cloverleaf

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12
Q

the tRNA structure is __-__ nucleotides long

A

75-90

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13
Q

what are tRNA’s?

A

triplet codons in mRNA to the correct amino acid

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14
Q

Posttranscriptionally modified bases are unique and ________ hydrogen bonding efficiency.
name 3

A

enhance

  1. inosinic acid
  2. ribothymidylic acid
  3. pseudouridine
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15
Q

tRNA structure consists of an _________

A

anticodon

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16
Q

in a tRNA structure, the amino acid is bound to the ___ sequence at the __ end

A

CCC

3’

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17
Q

pG at __ end

A

5’

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18
Q

What is the first step in charging tRNA?

A

tRNA is chemically linked to their amino acids

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19
Q

What is it called when tRNA is chemically linked to amino acids?

A

Charging

aminoacylation

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20
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase charges/ activates tRNA’s with the appropriate _____ _____

A

amino acids

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21
Q

How many tRNA molecules and how many synthetases?

A

31 tRNA

20 synthetases/ enzymes

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22
Q

CHARGING tRNA

1. Amino acid is _________- aminoacyladenylic acid

A

activated

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23
Q

CHARGING tRNA

2. Covalent linkage between __ _________ group and amino acid

A

5’ phosphate

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24
Q

CHARGING tRNA

3. Amino acid is transferred to the appropriate ____

A

tRNA

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25
Q

CHARGING tRNA

4. Bonded covalently to the adenine residue at the __ end

A

3’

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26
Q

Charged tRNA is ________ involved in protein syntheses

A

directly

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27
Q

only recognizes ___ amino acid

A

one

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28
Q

What are the 6 things initiation requires?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. the small and large ribosomal subunits
  3. GTP
  4. charged initiator tRNA
  5. Mg2+
  6. 3 initiation factors
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29
Q

TRANSLATION: INITIATION (STEP 2)

  1. Small subunit binds to _________ _______ and to ____
  2. fmet- tRNA binds to the small subunit; sets _______ _____
  3. Large ribosomal unit binds to complex and a molecule of ___ is hydrolyzed (providing energy); __ released
A
  1. initiation factors; mRNA
  2. reading frame
  3. GTP; IF
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30
Q

STEP 2

IF3 binds to ___ subunit; prevents binding to ___

A

30s; 50s

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31
Q

STEP 2

IF2 binds to ____- tRNA to 30s- mRNA complex; hydrolyzes ___

A

fmet; GTP

32
Q

STEP 2

IF1 binds to ___ subunit; prevents ____ from binding to A site

A

30s; tRNA

33
Q

STEP 3 TRANSLATION/ ELONGATION

What enzyme catalyzes peptide bond formation?

A

peptidyl transferase

catalytic activity 23s rRNA large subunit

34
Q

STEP 3

AA on the tRNA at the _ site and the growing peptide chain bound to the tRNA in the _ site

A

A; P

35
Q

STEP 3

Unchanged tRNA moves to the _ site

A

E (exit)

36
Q

STEP 3

tRNA bound to the peptide chain moves to the _ site

A

P

37
Q

STEP 3

  1. charged tRNA binds to _ site
  2. _______ bond
  3. _____________ ( movement 5’ to 3’ direction)
A
  1. A
  2. peptide
  3. translocation
38
Q

STEP 4 TRANSLOCATION/ TERMINATION

Termination is signaled by a ____ _____ in the A site

A

stop codon

39
Q

Why?

A

GTP- dependent release factors cleave the polypeptide chain from the trRNA.
released from complex

40
Q

STEP 4

RF1- specific for ___ and ___

A

UAA and UAG

41
Q

STEP 4

RF2- Specific for ___ and ___

A

UGA and UAA

42
Q

STEP 4

RF3- stimulates ___ and ___

A

RF1 and RF2

43
Q

_____________ are mRNAs with several ribosomes translating at once

A

polyribosomes

44
Q

As mRNA passes through ribosome, its free to associate with another small _______

A

subunit

45
Q

TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES
In eukaryotes:
ribosomes are larger than in bacteria (T/F)

A

True

46
Q

TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES
In eukaryotes:
transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated (T/F)

A

True

47
Q

TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES
RNA Processing:
5’ end of mRNA capped with 7- methylguanosine residue at maturation, which is essential for translation (T/F)

A

True

48
Q

TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES
RNA Processing:
Poly- A tail added at 3’ end of mRNA (T/F)

A

True

49
Q

TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES

Ribosomes scan for the initiator tRNA that is in the proper context, as identified by the _____ sequence (A/GNNAUGG)

A

Kozak

50
Q

TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES

Ribosomes are not free- floating, associated with ___________ reticulum.

A

Endoplasmic

51
Q

The initial insight that proteins are important in heredity was provided by the study of _______ errors of metabolism

A

inborn

52
Q

Hundreds of medical conditions caused by errors in _________ due to mutant genes

A

metabolism

53
Q

Alkaptoruria and phenylketonuria result from mutations that lead to _________ blocks

A

metabolic

54
Q

ALKAPTORNURIA

Autosomal _________

A

recessive

55
Q

ALKAPTORNURIA

individual cannot metabolize alkapton 2,5- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (or homogentistic acid) (T/F)

A

True

56
Q

ALKAPTORNURIA

Accumulates in cells and excreted in urine (T/F)

A

True

57
Q

ALKAPTORNURIA

Darkening of ears and nose (cartilaginous areas), joint deposition leads to arthritic condition (T/F)

A

True

58
Q

ALKAPTORNURIA

Garrod: identified disorder in 1902 (T/F)

A

True

59
Q

ALKAPTORNURIA

Ahead of time… no one failed to see relationship between _____ and _______

A

genes/ enzymes

60
Q

PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)

Phenylalanine hydroxylase is inactive in affected individuals (T/F)

A

True

61
Q

PHENYLKETORURIA (PKU)

Phenylalinine is not converted to tyrosine (T/F)

A

True

62
Q

PHENYLKETORURIA (PKU)

Phenylalinine enters cerebrospinal fluid with elevated levels; this results in mental retardation (T/F)

A

True

63
Q

PHENYLKETORURIA (PKU)

Low ___________ diet

A

phenylalanine

64
Q

PKU

1/ 1000 births (T/F)

A

True

65
Q

ONE GENE ONE ENYZME HYPOTHESIS

genes are responsible for _______

A

enzymes

66
Q

ONE GENE ONE ENZYME HYPOTHESIS
Beadle and Tatum
-nutritional mutations in the bread mold _________
-led to the loss of an enzymatic activity
-catalyzes an essential reaction

A

neurospora

67
Q

GENES AND ENZYMES: ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS
Neurospora: metabolic pathway investigated
-synthesis of amino acid ________

A

argenine

68
Q

GENES AND ENZYMES: ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS:’

_ mutant strains studied

A

7

69
Q

GENES AND ENZYMES: ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS:

Mutations prevented conversion of citrulline to arginine (T/F)

A

True

70
Q

STUDIES OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN

not all proteins are enzymes (T/F)

A

true

71
Q

STUDIES OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN

Some proteins have more then ___ subunit

A

one

72
Q

STUDIES OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN

one gene: one enzyme hypothesis was modified to one gene: one protein and then to one gene: one ___________ chain

A

polypeptide

73
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

recessive _______ disease

A

genetic

74
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Homozygous for the ___ hemoglobin allele

A

Hb^s

75
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Low oxygen conditions: red blood cells become _________ and ______

A

elongated/ curved

76
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

red blood cells aggregate in the venous side; tissues become deprived of ______

A

oxygen

77
Q

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Affects muscles joint, brain, GI, lungs
Usually anemic
(T/F)

A

True

Genetics (3 decks)

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