Chapter 14 - Study Guide

Question 0

2. Which glands can cause thyroid deficiency?

Answer 0

• thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 1

1. What is the feedback mechanism and how does it work with thyroid glands?

Answer 1

• the output signals of a system return as input to exert some control over the process.
  1. Hypothalamic - pituitary axis will work together
  2. Regulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Gland induces thyroid
  4. Hormone in blood (T3, T4)

Question 2

3. What are the types of thyroid disorders and their common symptoms?

Answer 2

1. Hypothyroidism also called (myxedema)
   - symptoms includes large thyroid, low pitch voice and weight gain
2. Hyperthyroidism also called (thyrotoxicosis)
   - symptoms includes decreased menses, diarrhea, skin flush and heat intolerance

Question 3

4. What is Male Impotence? It’s causes and common drugs? What is the difference between it’s common drugs?

Answer 3

• male impotence is failure to initiate or to maintain an erection until ejaculation
• causes includes testosterone deficiency, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, psychological factors and medications
• common drugs includes:
  • sildenafil: first oral therapy, allows erection to occur naturally, take one hour before sex
  • tadalafil: called the weekender, last 36 hours, faster onset, longer duration

Question 4

5. What is meant by hirutism and virilization?

Answer 4

• hirutism is caused by androgens (abnormal hairiness, especially in women and acne).
• virilization is caused by hypogonadism (the development of male characteristics, anabolic treatment (muscle building) and stimulation of red blood cell production.

Question 5

6. What are the effects of estrogen and progesterone in the female body?

Answer 5

• estrogen stimulated the development of female secondary sex characteristics and promotes the growth and maintenance of the female reproductive system.
• progesterone is responsible for controlling the preparation of the uterus for a fertilized ovum.

Question 6

7. Why should smoking and estrogen therapy be contraindicated from each other?

Answer 6

• it caused hypercoagulability (blood clots)

Question 7

8. What are the types of female hormone replacement therapy agents?

Answer 7

• progestin only, estrogen only, estrogen-progestin

Question 8

9. How is Yasmin or Yaz more beneficial for patients taking it?

Answer 8

• reduced bloating, approved for treatment, may experience weight loss

Question 9

10. Why are emergency contraceptives being pushed to become OTC?

Answer 9

• by the time an appointment can be made with a physician and prescription is written, it is too late for a medication to be effective.

Question 10

11. What are the two types of drugs used for child birth?

Answer 10

• methylergonovine (Methergine) - is used for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhage when the uterus fails to contract to its original size following delivery
• oxytocin (Pitocin) - stimulates contraction of uterine, smooth muscle at term

Question 11

12. List the types of STD’s and microorganisms that causes them?

Answer 11

• chlamydia - occurs in the rectum from anal intercourse and in the throat from oral sex
• gonorrhea - caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae
• syphilis - caused by spirochete treponema pallidum
• candidiasis - caused by yeast like fungus candidalbicans
• genital herpes - caused by herpes simplex virus
• nongonoccal urethritis - caused by catheters or chemical agents or sexually
• vaginitis - caused by several bacteria (gardnerlla vaginitis, trichomonas vaginitis)

Question 12

13. What are the two adrenal gland disorders? And how they differ from each other?

Answer 12

1. Addison’s Disease - life threatening deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids that is treated with daily administration of corticosteroids
2. Cushing’s Disease - an overproduction of steroids, result from excessive administration of corticosteroids over an extended period

Question 13

14. What are two types of bone cells? How do these relate to osteoporosis?

Answer 13

• osteoclasts - a cell that resorts bone
• osteoblasts- a cell that forms bone
• resorption of bone tissue exceeds the deposit of new bone

Question 14

15. What are special considerations/dispensing issues for Bisphosphonates?

Answer 14

• should be taken before the first meal of the day with six to eight ounces of water to prevent esophageal burning and the patient should remain upright after taking the drug
• some requires to be taken weekly or even monthly rather than daily