Chapter 14- Social Psychology Flashcards
attitude
a set of beliefs and feelings, evaluative, meaning that they are necessarily positive or negative
mere exposure effect
the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it
central route persuasion
being persuaded by deeply processing the content of the message
peripheral route persuasion
being persuaded by other aspects of the message including the characteristics of the person imparting the message
cognitive dissonance
the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors and when they do not they experience unpleasant mental tension and dissonance
foot-in-the-door
if you can get people agree to a small request, they will become much more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is much greater
door-in-the-face
after people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable
norms of reciprocity
people have the tendency to feel obligated to reciprocate kind behavior
attribution theory
theory that tries to explain how people determine the cause of what they observe
self-fulfilling prophecy
the phenomenon that the expectations we have about others can influence the way those others behave
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate the importance of situational factors
collectivist culture
a culture that stresses a person’s link to various groups such as family or company
individualistic culture
a culture that stresses the importance and uniqueness of the individual
false-consensus effect
the tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them
self-serving bias
the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than bad outcomes
just-world bias
a bias toward thinking that bad things happen to bad people
stereotype
ideas about what members of different groups are like, influence the way we interact with members of these groups
prejudice
an underserved, usual negative, attitude toward a group of people
ethnocentricism
the belief that one’s culture is superior to others, specific kind of prejudice
discrimination
an action, when one acts on their prejudices
out-group homogeneity
people tend to see members of their own group as more diverse than members of other groups
in-group bias
a preference for members of ones own group
superordinate goals
a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely
bystander effect
the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely any one is to intervene
diffusion of responsibility
the larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help
pluralistic ignorance
people seem to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others
social facilitation
the presence of others improves task performance
social impairment
when the task being observed by others is a difficult on rather than a simple, well-practiced skill, being watched by others actually hurt performance
conformity
the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others
obedience
the willingness of people to do what another asks them to do
group norms
(in a group) rules about how group members should act
social loafing
when individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone
group polarization
the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually
groupthink
the tendency for some groups to make bad decisions, occurs when group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group
deindividualization
when people in a group do things they never would have done if on their own such as looking or rioting, occurs when group members feel anonymous and aroused
Richard LaPiere
attitude experiment, restaurants said they refuse to serve Chinese customers but in reality did not
Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith
cognitive dissonance experiments, paying people to say they enjoyed a boring task
Harold Kelley
came up with the theory that people make attributions based on three types of information; consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson
self-fulfilling prophecy experiment, teachers positive expectations lead to higher test scores
Muzafer Sherif
superordinate goals experiment, intergroup prejudice,
John Darley and Bibb Latane
bystander effect experiments
Solomon Asch
conformity experiment, people don’t want to contradict the opinions of a group
Stanley Milgram
obedience experiment, authority figure and shocks
Irving Janis
coined the term “groupthink”
Philip Zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment
dispositional or person attribution
when you attribute someone’s actions to their individual characteristics/personality
situation attribution
when you attribute someone’s actions to a situational factor
stable attribution
when you think that an outcome or someone’s action consistently occurs and is not a one-time occurance
unstable attribution
when you think that an outcome or someone’s action is a one-time occurance and does not consistently occur
consistency (attribution)
how similarly the individual acts in the situation over time
distinctiveness (attribution)
how similarly this situation is to other situations in which the person has been observed
consensus (attribution)
how others in the same situation have responded
instrumental aggression
when the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end
hostile aggression
when the aggressive act has no clear purpose
similarity (attraction)
we are drawn to people who are similar to us, those who share our attitudes, backgrounds, and interests
proximity (attraction)
the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person
reciprocal liking (attraction)
the more someone likes you, the more you will probably like that person
