Chapter 14: Self, Family, Community

Question 1

Praise

Answer 1

Praise acts as a reinforcer

Involves smiling, cheers, clapping, verbal expression, tangible social rewards

Question 2

Disapproval

Answer 2

Disapproval acts as a punishment

Involves frowning and upturned nose, disgust, verbal expression, shunning, alienation, demotion in rank

Question 3

Embarrassment

Answer 3

Coincides with recognition of self
First appears at 2-3 years of age
Occurs in social environments where unwanted events threaten the person’s social image
Embarrassment can be elicited by conspicuousness or scrutiny
Downward gaze, “goofy” smiling, hand to face movements, displacement activities
(behavioural responses)
Blushing may occur
Heart rate may decrease in anticipation, rapidly increase then decrease when experienced (physiological responses)
Viewed favourably

Question 4

Embarrassment vs Shame

Answer 4

Embarrassment: mix of foolishness, sadness, and surprise
Shame: mix of fear and disgust; regret and depression

Shame is less adaptive than embarrassment
and gives rise to anger towards self and others
More painful and darker than embarrassment and includes a private, internal component that embarrassment does not

Question 5

Shame

Answer 5

Reflects internal judgment of self, based on a failure to meet personal (or family) standards, goals, expectations, and ideals
Shame-prone people (chronic feeling of shame) often lack empathy for others and susceptibility is correlated psychological maladjustment
Common antecedent of suicide

Question 6

Pride

Answer 6

Has a distinct, recognizable emotional expression
Expression involves a small smile, head tilted back slightly, visibly expanded posture
Arms may be raised above head or hands on hips
People displaying pride tend to take on dominant roles in social interactions, and also may be perceived as the most likeable

Question 7

Guilt

Answer 7

Self-imposed emotion in response to infraction of internal standards…BUT almost exclusively in harm, loss, or distress caused to somebody (physically or their property or their emotions)
Less reliably identifiable
Can be seen in young children in both deliberate and accidental events
Older children only experienced guilt with deliberate events

Question 8

Takahashi et al. (2008)

Joy and Pride

Answer 8

Joy: “I won the lottery”, “I ate my fav cake”, “I received a present”
Pride: “I won a prize at scientific meeting”, “I graduated head of my class”, “I obtained a scholarship”

Looked at fMRI when experiencing these emotions (participant envisioned the emotions behind the statements)
JOY—activation of ventral striatum and insula, areas shown to be associated w processing of appetitive stimuli
PRIDE –activation of right posterior superior temporal sulcus (rpSTS) and left temporal pole, areas associated w social cognition and theory of mind

Question 9

Social Cognition

Answer 9

encoding, storage, retrieval, processing of info about conspecifics

Question 10

Theory of Mind

Answer 10

Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others

Ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions that are different from your own

Question 11

Social Interaction

Answer 11

mutually regulated process in which 2 or more individuals communicate and respond to intentions, needs and actions of each other

Question 12

Joint Attention

Answer 12

form of social interaction where 2 or more individuals coordinate their attention on an external entity

Question 13

Shared Attention

Answer 13

form of social interaction where 2 or more individuals coordinate their attention on each other
ex: active listening

Question 14

Joint Action

Answer 14

form of social interaction where 2 or more individuals coordinate their actions

Question 15

Empathy Definition

Answer 15

involves actually experiencing similar thoughts and emotions as the other person

Experiencing someone else’s feelings
Being able to relate

Question 16

Sympathy Definition

Answer 16

involves understanding the thoughts and emotions of the other person

Have not experienced personally, but can understand
Compassion/concern for another

Question 17

Empathy Behaviour & Development

Answer 17

Accurate detection of the emotional information transmitted by another person
Pro-social behaviour that assists others in coping
Empathy appears to be present even in infancy
Parental guidance in the development of empathy
Children with secure attachment to their mothers show more empathy to distressed peers
Spanking hinders development and less empathetic as they mature

Question 18

Empathy in Children

Answer 18

When children aged 1-2 years observe a peer or adult in distress, their reaction varies. Some ignore the distressed person, while others become quiet and show facial expression indicating concern. Others become agitated, as if overwhelmed.

Question 19

Empathy in Primates

Answer 19

Visual system enhances social communication
Mobile upper lips enrich facial expressions
Muscles around the eyes are also important

Monkeys and apes respond to the emotional displays of others. They interpret social signals and assess the motivation of others.
Evidence that chimps show clear instances of sympathy, empathy, and reciprocity, as well as a willingness to follow social rules.

Question 20

Physiology—Face Perception

Answer 20

Individuals with certain temporal, parietal, right-hemisphere, or amygdala lesions can show deficits in ability to read others’ facial expressions and emotions
Primary visual cortex, fusiform gyrus, and the right inferior frontal gyrus are involved in face perception

Question 21

Prosopagnosia

Answer 21

damage to inferior surface of temporal lobe sometimes results in this condition (face blindness)
Cannot see or recognize others’ faces –would make it difficult to read these complex emotions

Question 22

Psychopaths (Sociopaths)

Answer 22

Lack of empathy, absence of conscience or remorse, impulsivity, objectification of others
Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others
Irritability and aggressiveness
Reckless and impulsive behaviour
Disregard for the truth
Neurological malformation or damage (frontal cortex, amygdala)
Disturbed upbringing
Personality variant that has some adaptive features
Ppl with more powerful positions in companies may be more likely to be a psychopath