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Biopsychology > Chapter 14-Psychological disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14-Psychological disorders Flashcards

1
Q
  1. A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n) ____.
A

agoist

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2
Q
  1. A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n) ____.
A

antagoist

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3
Q
  1. A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n) ____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n) ____
A

​antagonist; agonist

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4
Q
  1. Which effect would be considered to be antagonistic?
A

blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters

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5
Q
  1. ​Which effect would be considered to be agonistic?
A

stimulating the release of neurotransmitters

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6
Q
  1. ​To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ____.
A

binds to that receptor

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7
Q
  1. ​With respect to drug effects, “efficacy” means the tendency of a drug to ____.
A

activate a receptor

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8
Q
  1. ​The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the ____.
A

nucleus accumbens

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9
Q
  1. ​Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?
A

dopamine

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10
Q
  1. ​An insistent search for the substance or activity to which the individual is addicted is called ____.
A

craving

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11
Q
  1. ​As an addiction develops, many of its effects, especially the enjoyable effects, decrease, a phenomenon known as____.
A

tolerance

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12
Q
  1. As the body comes to expect the drug under certain circumstances, it reacts strongly when the drug is absent, a reaction known as ____
A

withdrawal

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13
Q
  1. Attempts to identify individual genes associated with addiction have found ____
A

​many genes, each with a small effect

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14
Q
  1. A key gene in addiction controls COMT, an enzyme that breaks down ____ after its release.
A

dopamine

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15
Q
  1. People with Type II (Type B) alcoholism ____
A

have rapid onset alcoholism

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16
Q
  1. Studies of individuals at high risk of alcoholism show that ____
A

alcohol decreases stress more for sons of alcoholics than it does for others

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17
Q
  1. Which drug is used in the treatment of opiate addiction and has the advantage of producing a long-lasting effect so that the person visits a clinic three times a week instead of daily?​
A

LAAM

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18
Q
  1. A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is ____.​
A

Antabuse

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19
Q
  1. Which drug is used in the treatment of alcoholism to block opiate receptors and thus reduce the pleasure from alcohol?
A

naloxone

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20
Q
  1. Which drug is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day?​
A

Methodone?

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21
Q
  1. Worldwide, the median incidence estimate for autism spectrum disorders is about one in ____.
A

160

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22
Q
  1. Several studies on the role of genetics in autism have focused on ____ —enzymes that regulate the repair and replication of DNA and the production of certain types of RNA​
A

topoisomerases

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23
Q
  1. Women who take folic acid pills during pregnancy have about ____ the probability of having a child with autism as compared to other women.​
A

half

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24
Q
  1. About 12% of the mothers of children who have autism spectrum disorders have ___
A

antibodies that attack certain brain proteins

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25
Q
  1. Studies of the genetics of autism spectrum disorders indicate that ____.
A

many cases result from new mutations or microdeletions in any of a number of genes

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26
Q
  1. The primary symptoms of autism spectrum disorders include ____
A

​deficits in social exchanges

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27
Q
  1. Which autism treatment is most widely used?
A

dietary modifications such as elimination of sugar or food dyes

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28
Q
  1. As compared to non-depressed people, depressed individuals ____
A

have fewer pleasant experiences

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29
Q
  1. What can be said about treatment for autism spectrum disorders?
A

While drugs like risperidone can be used to reduce stereotyped behaviors, they have a risk of dangerous side-effects.

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30
Q
  1. People with late-onset depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with which type of disorder?
A

circulatory problems

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31
Q
  1. Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?​
A

Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.

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32
Q
  1. On average, those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.
A

serotonin

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33
Q
  1. Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.
A

decreased; left

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34
Q
  1. Which symptoms are the most likely side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?​
A

drowsiness and dry mouth

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35
Q
  1. Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release?​
A

tricyclics

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36
Q
  1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to ____
A

tricyclics

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37
Q
  1. Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?
A

MAOIs

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38
Q
  1. In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ____
A

block the reuptake of only serotonin

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39
Q

One potentially dangerous side effect of St. John’s wort is that it ____

A

decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking

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40
Q
  1. ____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.
A

Electroconvulsive shock therapy

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41
Q
  1. The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950s because ____
A

antidepressant drugs became available

42
Q
  1. Electroconvulsive therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it ____.
A

produces its benefits faster

43
Q
  1. The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is ____
A

memory loss

44
Q
  1. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to ECT in that ____
A

both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why

45
Q

In certain cases, it is possible to relieve depression by changing a person’s ____

A

sleeping schedule

46
Q
  1. Which of the following characterizes the total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?​
A

high in mania and low in depression

47
Q
  1. Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to ____
A

whether they include full-blown manic phases

48
Q
  1. Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?​
A

bipolar disorder

49
Q
  1. Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because ____
A

the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic

50
Q
  1. What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?
A

They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.

51
Q
  1. Similar to depressed patients, bipolar patients may benefit from a change in their ____
A

sleep schedule

52
Q
  1. People suffering from seasonal affective disorder are most likely become depressed ____.​
A

in the winter

53
Q
  1. Where is seasonal affective disorder most common?​
A

near the poles

54
Q
  1. What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?
A

bright light

55
Q
  1. Which disorder is characterized by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and some combination of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior?
A

schizophrenia

56
Q
  1. Which behavior is most suggestive of schizophrenia?
A

deterioration of daily functioning with disorganized speech and behavior

57
Q
  1. ____ was originally called dementia praecox.
A

Schizophrenia

58
Q
  1. Dissociative identity disorder was previously known as ____
A

multiple personality disorder

59
Q
  1. An example of a “negative symptom” of schizophrenia is ____
A

poor emotional expression

60
Q
  1. A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from ____
A

negative symptoms

61
Q
  1. One of the main problems with schizophrenia is ____ that result from abnormal interactions between the cortex and the thalamus and cerebellum.​
A

disordered thoughts

62
Q
  1. What is the difference between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms?
A

behaviors that are present versus behaviors that are absent

63
Q
  1. Hallucinations, delusions, and grossly disorganized behavior are classified as which kind of symptoms?​
A

​positive symptoms

64
Q
  1. A delusion is a(n) ____
A

unfounded belief

65
Q
  1. What Bleuler meant by schizophrenia was a split between ____ and ____ aspects of experience.
A

emotional; intellectual

66
Q
  1. Disorganized speech and grossly disorganized behavior represent the ____ in schizophrenia.​
A

a wide range of possible positive symptoms

67
Q
  1. What is the most common cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?​
A

impaired understanding of abstract concepts

68
Q
  1. A first diagnosis of schizophrenia is usually made for a male in which age range?​
A

20s

69
Q
  1. The concordance rate of schizophrenia among twins is ____
A

higher in monozygotic than dizygotic twins

70
Q
  1. The concordance rate for schizophrenia is around ____ percent for monozygotic twins
A

50

71
Q
  1. When an adopted child develops schizophrenia, the disease is significantly more probable among the ____
A

biological relatives than the adopting relatives

72
Q
  1. One important factor to consider when making judgments about the relative influence of genetics on schizophrenia is the ____.
A

prenatal environment

73
Q
  1. Genetic studies of schizophrenia have found that ____
A

​there are probably several possible genes that increase a person’s risk for schizophrenia

74
Q
  1. One gene of interest in schizophrenia is DISC1. This gene ____
A

controls differentiation and migration of neurons in brain development

75
Q
  1. Researchers have had trouble replicating studies that found a particular gene linked to schizophrenia. According to one recent hypothesis, ____.
A

spontaneous mutations in any of hundreds of genes can cause schizophrenia

76
Q
  1. Which of the following increases the probability that someone will develop schizophrenia?​
A

​having an older than average father

77
Q
  1. What is one factor in prenatal development that has been found to be related to increased incidences of schizophrenia later in life?​
A

prenatal exposure to Toxoplasma gondii

78
Q
  1. Which factor is sometimes taken as evidence that schizophrenia might be caused by a virus?
A

the season-of-birth effect

79
Q
  1. Brain differences common to schizophrenia include ____
A

larger than normal cerebral ventricles

80
Q
  1. The planum temporale is slightly ____ in the ____ temporal lobe of schizophrenics as compared to most other people.​
A

​larger; right

81
Q
  1. The areas with the most consistent signs of abnormality in schizophrenics include the ____
A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

82
Q
  1. The problems that schizophrenics have with memory and attention are most likely related to an increased tendency of having brain damage in the ____
A

prefrontal cortex

83
Q
  1. ​People with schizophrenia have lower than normal overall activity in the ____
A

left hemisphere

84
Q
  1. Research suggests that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenics develop ____
A

early and then remain fairly steady

85
Q
  1. Prior to the 1950s, few schizophrenic patients who entered a mental hospital ever left. The discovery most responsible for alleviating that situation was the discovery of ____
A

chlorpromazine

86
Q
  1. Another term for antipsychotic drugs is ____
A

neuroleptics

87
Q
  1. The two chemical families to which most antipsychotic drugs belong are ____
A

phenothiazines and butyrophenones

88
Q
  1. Which of the following is an effect of most antipsychotic drugs?​
A

blockage of dopamine receptors

89
Q
  1. The doses of various drugs that are typically prescribed for schizophrenia are closely related to the strength of what effect?​
A

blockage of dopamine receptors

90
Q
  1. Repeated use of large doses of amphetamine or cocaine can lead to a behavioral condition similar to ____.
A

schizophrenia

91
Q
  1. An individual shows symptoms resembling schizophrenia, especially the positive symptoms, but is not schizophrenic. Which of the following disorders is most likely?​
A

substance-induced psychotic disorder

92
Q
  1. An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses.​
A

glutamate

93
Q
  1. Phencyclidine (PCP), which can produce psychotic symptoms resembling schizophrenia, has which effect?
A

It inhibits the NMDA glutamate receptors.

94
Q
  1. The amino acid, glycine, provides a possible co-treatment for schizophrenia because it ____
A

increases the effectiveness of glutamate

95
Q
  1. For schizophrenics, atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in ____
A

reducing negative symptoms

96
Q
  1. A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is ____.​
A

tardive dyskinesia

97
Q
  1. The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are ____.​
A

​tremors and other involuntary movements

98
Q
  1. What happens when schizophrenics stop taking neuroleptic drugs?​
A

Tardive dyskinesia may continue.

99
Q
  1. Atypical antipsychotic drugs alleviate schizophrenia with fewer side effects than other drugs because they ____.​
A

more strongly antagonize serotonin type 5-HT2 receptors

100
Q
  1. All things considered, the atypical antipsychotics ____
A

do not improve overall quality of life more than older drugs

101
Q
  1. Which statement about the long-term course for people diagnosed with schizophrenia is true?​
A

Up to one-fourth will have a serious disorder throughout their lives.

Biopsychology (2 decks)

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