Chapter 14-Psychological disorders Flashcards
- A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n) ____.
agoist
- A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n) ____.
antagoist
- A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n) ____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n) ____
antagonist; agonist
- Which effect would be considered to be antagonistic?
blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
- Which effect would be considered to be agonistic?
stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
- To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ____.
binds to that receptor
- With respect to drug effects, “efficacy” means the tendency of a drug to ____.
activate a receptor
- The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the ____.
nucleus accumbens
- Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?
dopamine
- An insistent search for the substance or activity to which the individual is addicted is called ____.
craving
- As an addiction develops, many of its effects, especially the enjoyable effects, decrease, a phenomenon known as____.
tolerance
- As the body comes to expect the drug under certain circumstances, it reacts strongly when the drug is absent, a reaction known as ____
withdrawal
- Attempts to identify individual genes associated with addiction have found ____
many genes, each with a small effect
- A key gene in addiction controls COMT, an enzyme that breaks down ____ after its release.
dopamine
- People with Type II (Type B) alcoholism ____
have rapid onset alcoholism
- Studies of individuals at high risk of alcoholism show that ____
alcohol decreases stress more for sons of alcoholics than it does for others
- Which drug is used in the treatment of opiate addiction and has the advantage of producing a long-lasting effect so that the person visits a clinic three times a week instead of daily?
LAAM
- A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is ____.
Antabuse
- Which drug is used in the treatment of alcoholism to block opiate receptors and thus reduce the pleasure from alcohol?
naloxone
- Which drug is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day?
Methodone?
- Worldwide, the median incidence estimate for autism spectrum disorders is about one in ____.
160
- Several studies on the role of genetics in autism have focused on ____ —enzymes that regulate the repair and replication of DNA and the production of certain types of RNA
topoisomerases
- Women who take folic acid pills during pregnancy have about ____ the probability of having a child with autism as compared to other women.
half
- About 12% of the mothers of children who have autism spectrum disorders have ___
antibodies that attack certain brain proteins
- Studies of the genetics of autism spectrum disorders indicate that ____.
many cases result from new mutations or microdeletions in any of a number of genes
- The primary symptoms of autism spectrum disorders include ____
deficits in social exchanges
- Which autism treatment is most widely used?
dietary modifications such as elimination of sugar or food dyes
- As compared to non-depressed people, depressed individuals ____
have fewer pleasant experiences
- What can be said about treatment for autism spectrum disorders?
While drugs like risperidone can be used to reduce stereotyped behaviors, they have a risk of dangerous side-effects.
- People with late-onset depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with which type of disorder?
circulatory problems
- Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?
Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.
- On average, those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.
serotonin
- Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.
decreased; left
- Which symptoms are the most likely side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?
drowsiness and dry mouth
- Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release?
tricyclics
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to ____
tricyclics
- Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?
MAOIs
- In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ____
block the reuptake of only serotonin
One potentially dangerous side effect of St. John’s wort is that it ____
decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking
- ____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
- The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950s because ____
antidepressant drugs became available
- Electroconvulsive therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it ____.
produces its benefits faster
- The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is ____
memory loss
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to ECT in that ____
both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why
In certain cases, it is possible to relieve depression by changing a person’s ____
sleeping schedule
- Which of the following characterizes the total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?
high in mania and low in depression
- Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to ____
whether they include full-blown manic phases
- Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?
bipolar disorder
- Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because ____
the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic
- What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?
They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.
- Similar to depressed patients, bipolar patients may benefit from a change in their ____
sleep schedule
- People suffering from seasonal affective disorder are most likely become depressed ____.
in the winter
- Where is seasonal affective disorder most common?
near the poles
- What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?
bright light
- Which disorder is characterized by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and some combination of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior?
schizophrenia
- Which behavior is most suggestive of schizophrenia?
deterioration of daily functioning with disorganized speech and behavior
- ____ was originally called dementia praecox.
Schizophrenia
- Dissociative identity disorder was previously known as ____
multiple personality disorder
- An example of a “negative symptom” of schizophrenia is ____
poor emotional expression
- A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from ____
negative symptoms
- One of the main problems with schizophrenia is ____ that result from abnormal interactions between the cortex and the thalamus and cerebellum.
disordered thoughts
- What is the difference between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms?
behaviors that are present versus behaviors that are absent
- Hallucinations, delusions, and grossly disorganized behavior are classified as which kind of symptoms?
positive symptoms
- A delusion is a(n) ____
unfounded belief
- What Bleuler meant by schizophrenia was a split between ____ and ____ aspects of experience.
emotional; intellectual
- Disorganized speech and grossly disorganized behavior represent the ____ in schizophrenia.
a wide range of possible positive symptoms
- What is the most common cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
impaired understanding of abstract concepts
- A first diagnosis of schizophrenia is usually made for a male in which age range?
20s
- The concordance rate of schizophrenia among twins is ____
higher in monozygotic than dizygotic twins
- The concordance rate for schizophrenia is around ____ percent for monozygotic twins
50
- When an adopted child develops schizophrenia, the disease is significantly more probable among the ____
biological relatives than the adopting relatives
- One important factor to consider when making judgments about the relative influence of genetics on schizophrenia is the ____.
prenatal environment
- Genetic studies of schizophrenia have found that ____
there are probably several possible genes that increase a person’s risk for schizophrenia
- One gene of interest in schizophrenia is DISC1. This gene ____
controls differentiation and migration of neurons in brain development
- Researchers have had trouble replicating studies that found a particular gene linked to schizophrenia. According to one recent hypothesis, ____.
spontaneous mutations in any of hundreds of genes can cause schizophrenia
- Which of the following increases the probability that someone will develop schizophrenia?
having an older than average father
- What is one factor in prenatal development that has been found to be related to increased incidences of schizophrenia later in life?
prenatal exposure to Toxoplasma gondii
- Which factor is sometimes taken as evidence that schizophrenia might be caused by a virus?
the season-of-birth effect
- Brain differences common to schizophrenia include ____
larger than normal cerebral ventricles
- The planum temporale is slightly ____ in the ____ temporal lobe of schizophrenics as compared to most other people.
larger; right
- The areas with the most consistent signs of abnormality in schizophrenics include the ____
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- The problems that schizophrenics have with memory and attention are most likely related to an increased tendency of having brain damage in the ____
prefrontal cortex
- People with schizophrenia have lower than normal overall activity in the ____
left hemisphere
- Research suggests that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenics develop ____
early and then remain fairly steady
- Prior to the 1950s, few schizophrenic patients who entered a mental hospital ever left. The discovery most responsible for alleviating that situation was the discovery of ____
chlorpromazine
- Another term for antipsychotic drugs is ____
neuroleptics
- The two chemical families to which most antipsychotic drugs belong are ____
phenothiazines and butyrophenones
- Which of the following is an effect of most antipsychotic drugs?
blockage of dopamine receptors
- The doses of various drugs that are typically prescribed for schizophrenia are closely related to the strength of what effect?
blockage of dopamine receptors
- Repeated use of large doses of amphetamine or cocaine can lead to a behavioral condition similar to ____.
schizophrenia
- An individual shows symptoms resembling schizophrenia, especially the positive symptoms, but is not schizophrenic. Which of the following disorders is most likely?
substance-induced psychotic disorder
- An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses.
glutamate
- Phencyclidine (PCP), which can produce psychotic symptoms resembling schizophrenia, has which effect?
It inhibits the NMDA glutamate receptors.
- The amino acid, glycine, provides a possible co-treatment for schizophrenia because it ____
increases the effectiveness of glutamate
- For schizophrenics, atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in ____
reducing negative symptoms
- A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is ____.
tardive dyskinesia
- The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are ____.
tremors and other involuntary movements
- What happens when schizophrenics stop taking neuroleptic drugs?
Tardive dyskinesia may continue.
- Atypical antipsychotic drugs alleviate schizophrenia with fewer side effects than other drugs because they ____.
more strongly antagonize serotonin type 5-HT2 receptors
- All things considered, the atypical antipsychotics ____
do not improve overall quality of life more than older drugs
- Which statement about the long-term course for people diagnosed with schizophrenia is true?
Up to one-fourth will have a serious disorder throughout their lives.
