Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 208 > Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microbes

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is when an infection changes the body’s state of health

A

Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the scientific study of disease

A

pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the cause of a disease

A

etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the way in which disease develops

A

pathogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

microbial communities of harmless and beneficial bacteria that inhabit the body

A

microbiomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a subjective change in a body function experienced by the patient

A

symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EX: pain, changes in perception

A

symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

an objective change in body function that a health professional can measure

A

Sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EX: blood pressure, bruising

A

sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

collection of symptoms and signs associated with a specific disease

A

syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

defined as a disease that is capable of spreading from one host to another

A

communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

EX: tuberculosis (is what type of disease?)

A

communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

defined as a subset of communicable disease that is easily spread from one host to another

A

contagious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

EX: Chicken pox (Is what type of disease?)

A

contagious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

defined as a disease that does not spread from one host to another

A

non-communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

EX: tetanus (is what type of disease?)

A

non-communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ of a disease is the number of people who develop the disease during a specific time period

A

Incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ONLY measures new cases

A

Incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ of a disease is the number of people who have the disease during a specific time period

A

prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Measures new and old cases

A

prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

disease that appears only occasionally in a population

A

sporadic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

EX: typhoid fever (is classified under what disease type?)

A

sporadic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disease that is common within a population

A

endemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

EX: common cold, chicken pox (is classified under what disease type?)

A

endemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a disease that many people in a regional population develop within a short time

A

epidemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

EX: influenza, bubonic plague (is classified under what disease type?)

A

epidemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

an epidemic disease on a global scale

A

pandemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

EX: AIDS (is classified under what disease type?)

A

pandemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a disease normally occurring in animals that can be transmitted to humans

A

zoonosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

a condition where pathogens are spreading throughout the body

A

sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a category of sepsis and refers to the presence of pathogens in the blood

A

septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the presence of bacteria in the blood

A

bacteremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

presence of toxins in the blood

A

toxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

presence of viruses in the blood

A

viremia

36
Q

Microbes that inhabit the body but generally do not cause disease

A

normal microbiota/normal flora

37
Q

Once normal microbiota are established on the body, they maintain conditions that limit opportunities for other microbes to infect the body

A

microbial antagonism

38
Q

live microbial cultures designed to have a beneficial effect on the host

A

probiotics

39
Q

What are four functions of microbial antagonism

A
  • competition for nutrients and resources
  • maintaining inhospital pHs
  • controlling oxygen levels
  • production of bacteriocins
40
Q

proteins that kill off other bacteria

A

bacteriocins

41
Q

defined as a relationship between two organisms where at least one organism is dependent on the other.

A

symbiosis

42
Q

a form of symbiosis where one organism benefits from the relationship, while the other organism is unaffected

A

commensualism

43
Q

a form of symbiosis where both organisms benefit from the relationship

A

mutualism

44
Q

a form of symbiosis where one organism benefits from the relationship, but the other is harmed

A

parasitism

45
Q

What symbiotic organisms can become parasitic by the change in location?

A

Mutualistic and commensalistic

46
Q

microbes that do not cause disease in their normal habitat, but may do so in another region of the body

A

opportunistic pathogens

47
Q

Robert Koch’s four postulates

A
  • The same pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease.
  • The pathogen must be able to be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture.
  • The pathogen from the pure culture must be capable of causing disease in a healthy host.
  • The pathogen must be isolated from the new host and demonstrated to be the same pathogen.
48
Q

Exceptions for Koch’s Postulates

A
  • Not all pathogens are capable of growing on standard culture media.
    - Some pathogens require cells in order to reproduce.
  • Multiple pathogens may be able to cause the same disease.
    - Examples: pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis.
  • Some pathogens cause multiple diseases.
  • Some pathogens are only pathogenic in humans.
    - Infecting a healthy human with a pathogen has severe ethical concerns.
49
Q

Duration of a disease

A

acute, subacute, chronic, and latent disease

50
Q

a disease that develops quickly but lasts only a short time

A

acute disease

51
Q

a disease that develops over time, but may recur on a regular basis

A

chronic disease

52
Q

falls between an acute and chronic disease

A

subacute disease

53
Q

a disease that takes longer to develop symptoms than a chronic disease

A

latent disease

54
Q

an infection where the pathogens are limited to a small part of the body

A

local infection

55
Q

EX: abscesses, wounds (what type of infection is this?)

A

local infection

56
Q

an infection where the pathogens spread out through the entire body

A

systemic infection

57
Q

EX: measles (what type of infection is this?)

A

systemic infection

58
Q

an infection when the pathogens of a local infection spread to another specific part of the body

A

focal infection

59
Q

an infection that causes the initial disease in a host

A

primary infection

60
Q

an infection caused by opportunistic pathogens after a primary infection has weakened the host’s defenses

A

secondary infection

61
Q

an infection that does not cause any noticeable illness of symptoms in the host

A

subclinical infection

62
Q

an infection acquired in a hospital setting

A

nosocomial infection

63
Q

5 Major stages of a disease

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal period
  • period of illness
  • period of decline
  • period of convalescence
64
Q

the period between the first exposure to a pathogen and the first emergence of symptoms; a person does not show any signs or symptoms of sickness

A

Incubation period

65
Q

pathogens continue to multiply but are still not formidable enough to cause fulminant illness. A person also begins to show signs of illness, but the symptoms are mild and not very specific or diagnostic

A

Prodromal period

66
Q

When a person is highly contagious and experiencing fulminant symptoms

A

Period of illness

67
Q

invading pathogens decrease in the body as the immune system combats the infection

A

period of decline

68
Q

a period of recovery and return to the pre-illness state

A

period of convalescence

69
Q

makes an individual more susceptible to developing a disease

A

predisposing factor

70
Q

continual source of pathogens, for the pathogen to survive and multiply

A

reservoir

71
Q

Transmission of the pathogen from the reservoir to the host has three main mechanisms

A
  • contact
  • vehicle
  • vectors
72
Q

contact transmission has three varieties

A

direct contact transmission, indirect contact transmission, and droplet transmission

73
Q

involves direct contact between the reservoir and the host

A

direct contact transmission

74
Q

involves transmission between the reservoir and host through a fomite, or non-living object capable of transmitting the pathogen (overlaps the vehicle transmission)

A

indirect contact transmission

75
Q

involves transmission of pathogens through tiny droplets expelled from the reservoir over distances less than one meter

A

droplet transmission

76
Q

involves transmission between the reservoir and host through a non-living medium (water, air, food)

A

vehicle transmission

77
Q

involves transmission between the reservoir and host through a living organism

A

vector transmission

78
Q

or insects, are the most common vectors

A

arthopods

79
Q

occurs through passive contact of the insects body with the reservoir and host

A

mechanical transmission

80
Q

occurs when the insect bites an infected animal or person, then transfers the pathogen to a healthy individual

A

biological transmission

81
Q

include infections from other health care facilities

A

HAI (Health-care associated infections)

82
Q

3 major causes of nosocomial infections

A
  • prevalence of microbes
  • compromised hosts
  • opportunities for transmission
83
Q

Emerging Infectious diseases

A

New strains through mutation or recombination
Environmental changes
Modern transportation
Changes in animal populations
Public health issues
Rise of antibiotic resistance
Natural and manmade disasters

84
Q

is the study of the occurrence of diseases, and their transmission.

A

epidemiology

85
Q

Three types of epidemiological studies

A

-descriptive epidemiology
-analytical epidemiology
-experimental epidemiology

BIOL 208 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions