Chapter 14 Personality Flashcards
Structure of the mind
Id
Ego
Superego
Id
-A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.
-Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Ego
-The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
-The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desures in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather pain
Superego
The part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
The defense mechanisms (list)
-Repression
-Denial
-Displacement
-Projection
-Reaction Formation
-Regression
-Rationalization
-Sublimation
Defense mechanisms
Used by the EGO to reduce anxiety
Repression
Banishes consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Projection
Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Reaction formation
Switching unacceptable impulse into their opposites
Regression
Retreating to a more childlike stage where some psychic energy remains fixated
Rationalization
Offering self-justification in place of real or more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Sublimation
Turning socially unacceptable impulses into accepted ones
Psychosexual stages
-Fixation
-Oral
-Anal
-Phallic
-Oedipus complex
-Identification
-Latency
-Genital
Fixation
A lingering focus of pleasure- seeking energies at a psychosexual stage, where a conflict was unresolved
Oral
-0 to 18 months
-Pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing
Anal
-19 to 36 months
-Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination, coping with demand control
Phallic
-3 to 6 years
-Pleasure zones in the genitals, coping with incestrous sexual feelings
Oedipus complex
A boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Identification
The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Latency
-6 to puberty
-A phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital
-Puberty on
-Maturation of sexual feelings
Psychoanalysis Techniques
-Hypnosis
-Dream interpretation
-Free association
-Transference
-Projective tests
Free association
Relax and say whatever comes to their mind
Transference
Client begins to transfer feelings, either positive or negative onto the therapist( viewed as breakthrough)
Projective tests
-TAT
-Rorschach inkblot test
TAT
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
-The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach
-Seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Neo-Freudians
-Carl Jung
-Alfred Adler
-Karen Horney
Carl Jung ideas
-Collective unconscious: concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
-Archetypes: These are a result of collective, shared ancestral memories that may persist in art etc
Alfred Adler ideas
-Believed we are driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings
-Inferiority complex: a feeling of inferiority may be brought about by upbringing as a child, physical and mental limitations, or experiences of lower social status
-Compensation: one covers up a weaknesses or feelings of inadequacy or in one life area through excelling in something else
Karen Horney ideas
-Disagreed with emphasis on sex and penis envy
Humanistic theory - the parts/people
-Believes
-Tests used: Real vs. Ideal self
-Abram Maslow
-Carl Rogers
Humanistic Theory: Believes
-Focuses on what made “healthy” people healthy and how to help them strive to “be all that they can be”
-Rejects - determinism (your past determines your future)
-Believes in free will (our ability to choose your own destiny)
-Emphasized the role of self-esteem and self-concept
Tests used: Real vs. Ideal self
-Test reveals if we have a low self-concept or not
-Effects of low self-esteem; dissatisfaction and unhappiness
-Goal is for one to bridge the gap between the two
Abram Maslow
-Based on his theory “Hierarchy of Needs”
-Maslow’s definition of a self-actualized person: the process of fulfilling our potential
-Examples he cited: we are like trees, that given the proper environment, grow to their potential.
Carl Rogers
-Three things we need to be our best
-Genuineness: we must be open and honest with our feelings
-Acceptance: all need unconditional positive regard: to be loved no matter what
-Empathy: people to listen to each other without judgment
Socio-Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura
-Reciprocal Determinism
-Internal vs External Locus of Control
Reciprocal determinism
Traits, environment and behavior ALL interact and influence each other. All THREE interact to form our personality
Internal
One feels that they have control over their own life and future
External
A passive resignation
Learned helplessness
They give up
Trait Theory
-Trait: the typical way a person perceives, feels, believes, or acts
-Gordon Allport: created first personality test
-Costa and McRae: The Big 5
-Hans Eyesnck: 2 dimension test
-Raymond Cattell: 16 Factor Test
-William Sheldon: body shape
Trait theorists assume what about personality
-We can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits)
-Personality = sum of all traits
Personality Tests
-The Big Five
a. conscientiousness
b. agreeable
c. neuroticism
d. openness
e. extraversion
Factor analysis: used to see the clusters and score these tests
Eysenck: Two dimension test
- Introversion/Extroversion
- Emotional stability
Myers-Briggs Test
- There are 16 different personality types
- Based on Jung’s theories
MMPI
- Used to identify emotional disorders
- Empirically derived: they gave the test to many and determined normal from abnormal from the answers that differed
Sheldon’s Body Types Theory
- Endomorphs: fat, friendly, outgoing
- Mesomorphs: muscular, aggressive
- Ectomorphs: skinny, shy, secretive
Behaviorists explanation for personality development
Environment shapes your personality
Effects of culture on personality
-Collectivist culture
-Individualistic culture
Collectivist culture
-Identity is tied to the group (family, country, etc)
-Emphasizes group goals, family duty, social responsibility
-Few, close enduring relationships
-Harmony values
Individualistic culture
-Emphasizes personal freedom, choices and achievement
-Identity comes from one’s own uniqueness
-Relationships more casual, temporary
-Confrontation acceptable
Personality and the Self
-Self-serving bias
-Spotlight Effect
-Barnum Effect
Self-serving bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably, We easily take credit for good deeds and successes
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
Barnum Effect
People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality
