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Psychology > Chapter 14 Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the mind

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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2
Q

Id

A

-A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.

-Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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3
Q

Ego

A

-The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

-The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desures in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather pain

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4
Q

Superego

A

The part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

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5
Q

The defense mechanisms (list)

A

-Repression

-Denial

-Displacement

-Projection

-Reaction Formation

-Regression

-Rationalization

-Sublimation

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6
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Used by the EGO to reduce anxiety

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7
Q

Repression

A

Banishes consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

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8
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

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9
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

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10
Q

Projection

A

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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11
Q

Reaction formation

A

Switching unacceptable impulse into their opposites

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12
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to a more childlike stage where some psychic energy remains fixated

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13
Q

Rationalization

A

Offering self-justification in place of real or more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

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14
Q

Sublimation

A

Turning socially unacceptable impulses into accepted ones

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15
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

-Fixation

-Oral

-Anal

-Phallic

-Oedipus complex

-Identification

-Latency

-Genital

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16
Q

Fixation

A

A lingering focus of pleasure- seeking energies at a psychosexual stage, where a conflict was unresolved

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17
Q

Oral

A

-0 to 18 months
-Pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing

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18
Q

Anal

A

-19 to 36 months
-Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination, coping with demand control

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19
Q

Phallic

A

-3 to 6 years
-Pleasure zones in the genitals, coping with incestrous sexual feelings

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20
Q

Oedipus complex

A

A boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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21
Q

Identification

A

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

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22
Q

Latency

A

-6 to puberty
-A phase of dormant sexual feelings

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23
Q

Genital

A

-Puberty on
-Maturation of sexual feelings

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24
Q

Psychoanalysis Techniques

A

-Hypnosis

-Dream interpretation

-Free association

-Transference

-Projective tests

25
Q

Free association

A

Relax and say whatever comes to their mind

26
Q

Transference

A

Client begins to transfer feelings, either positive or negative onto the therapist( viewed as breakthrough)

27
Q

Projective tests

A

-TAT

-Rorschach inkblot test

28
Q

TAT

A

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

29
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

-The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach
-Seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

30
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

-Carl Jung

-Alfred Adler

-Karen Horney

31
Q

Carl Jung ideas

A

-Collective unconscious: concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

-Archetypes: These are a result of collective, shared ancestral memories that may persist in art etc

32
Q

Alfred Adler ideas

A

-Believed we are driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings

-Inferiority complex: a feeling of inferiority may be brought about by upbringing as a child, physical and mental limitations, or experiences of lower social status

-Compensation: one covers up a weaknesses or feelings of inadequacy or in one life area through excelling in something else

33
Q

Karen Horney ideas

A

-Disagreed with emphasis on sex and penis envy

34
Q

Humanistic theory - the parts/people

A

-Believes

-Tests used: Real vs. Ideal self

-Abram Maslow

-Carl Rogers

35
Q

Humanistic Theory: Believes

A

-Focuses on what made “healthy” people healthy and how to help them strive to “be all that they can be”

-Rejects - determinism (your past determines your future)

-Believes in free will (our ability to choose your own destiny)

-Emphasized the role of self-esteem and self-concept

36
Q

Tests used: Real vs. Ideal self

A

-Test reveals if we have a low self-concept or not

-Effects of low self-esteem; dissatisfaction and unhappiness

-Goal is for one to bridge the gap between the two

37
Q

Abram Maslow

A

-Based on his theory “Hierarchy of Needs”

-Maslow’s definition of a self-actualized person: the process of fulfilling our potential

-Examples he cited: we are like trees, that given the proper environment, grow to their potential.

38
Q

Carl Rogers

A

-Three things we need to be our best

-Genuineness: we must be open and honest with our feelings

-Acceptance: all need unconditional positive regard: to be loved no matter what

-Empathy: people to listen to each other without judgment

39
Q

Socio-Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura

A

-Reciprocal Determinism

-Internal vs External Locus of Control

40
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Traits, environment and behavior ALL interact and influence each other. All THREE interact to form our personality

41
Q

Internal

A

One feels that they have control over their own life and future

42
Q

External

A

A passive resignation

43
Q

Learned helplessness

A

They give up

44
Q

Trait Theory

A

-Trait: the typical way a person perceives, feels, believes, or acts

-Gordon Allport: created first personality test

-Costa and McRae: The Big 5

-Hans Eyesnck: 2 dimension test

-Raymond Cattell: 16 Factor Test

-William Sheldon: body shape

45
Q

Trait theorists assume what about personality

A

-We can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits)

-Personality = sum of all traits

46
Q

Personality Tests

A

-The Big Five
a. conscientiousness
b. agreeable
c. neuroticism
d. openness
e. extraversion

Factor analysis: used to see the clusters and score these tests

47
Q

Eysenck: Two dimension test

A
  1. Introversion/Extroversion
  2. Emotional stability
48
Q

Myers-Briggs Test

A
  1. There are 16 different personality types
  2. Based on Jung’s theories
49
Q

MMPI

A
  1. Used to identify emotional disorders
  2. Empirically derived: they gave the test to many and determined normal from abnormal from the answers that differed
50
Q

Sheldon’s Body Types Theory

A
  1. Endomorphs: fat, friendly, outgoing
  2. Mesomorphs: muscular, aggressive
  3. Ectomorphs: skinny, shy, secretive
51
Q

Behaviorists explanation for personality development

A

Environment shapes your personality

52
Q

Effects of culture on personality

A

-Collectivist culture

-Individualistic culture

53
Q

Collectivist culture

A

-Identity is tied to the group (family, country, etc)

-Emphasizes group goals, family duty, social responsibility

-Few, close enduring relationships

-Harmony values

54
Q

Individualistic culture

A

-Emphasizes personal freedom, choices and achievement

-Identity comes from one’s own uniqueness

-Relationships more casual, temporary

-Confrontation acceptable

55
Q

Personality and the Self

A

-Self-serving bias

-Spotlight Effect

-Barnum Effect

56
Q

Self-serving bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably, We easily take credit for good deeds and successes

57
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

58
Q

Barnum Effect

A

People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality

Psychology (1 decks)

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