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BIOL 214 > Chapter 14 part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes are made of…

A

protein & DNA

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2
Q

DNA consists of how many nucleotides?

A

4

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3
Q

Protein contains how many amino acids?

A

20

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4
Q

Are amino acids more or less diverse than nucleotides?

A

more diverse

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5
Q

Who found that bacterial cells can be transformed?

A

Frederick Griffith

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6
Q

Two forms of bacteria that cause influenza are….

A

the normal virulent form that causes pneumonia AND a mutant, nonvirulent form that does not.

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7
Q

The normal virulent form of the bacteria that causes influenza is called…

A

the S form

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8
Q

Why is the normal bacteria called the S form

A

it forms smooth colonies on a culture dish

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9
Q

The mutant, nonvirulent form of the bacteria is called….

A

the R form

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10
Q

Why is the mutant, nonvirulent form of the bacteria called the R form?

A

it forms rough colonies

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11
Q

The mutant, nonvirulent form of bacteria lacks….

A

an enzyme - needed to manufacture the polysaccharide coat

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12
Q

Frederick Griffith was trying to…

A

make a vaccine that protects against influenza

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13
Q

What was thought to cause infleunza?

A

bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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14
Q

What happened in Frederick Griffith’s mouse experiment?

A

S form - mice died from pnuemnia
R form - mice had no effect
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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15
Q

Frederick Griffith’s mouse experiment showed what is needed for virulence?

A

polysaccharide coat

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16
Q

transference of virulence from one cell to another

A

transformation

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17
Q

the substance transferred between cells by transformation and indicated that the
genetic material, at least in this bacterial species, is DNA.

A

DNA

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18
Q

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identify the transforming principle

A

!!!!!!!!!!

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19
Q

Avery’s results were reinforced by….

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in 1952, who experimented with phages

20
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages or phages

21
Q

Viruses are simpler than…

A

cells

22
Q

Viruses consist of…

A

genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

23
Q

Viruses are simpler than cells because when a phage infects a bacterial cell…..

A
  1. binds to the cell’s outer surface
  2. injects its genetic information into the cell.
  3. inside the cell, the viral genetic info uses the cell’s information-processing machinery to make viral proteins,
  4. production of thousands of new viruses
  5. The buildup of viruses eventually causes the cell to burst, or lyse, releasing progeny phage
24
Q

Phage used by Hershey and Chase contains…

A

DNA & Protein only

25
Q

Nucleotides contain…

A

Phosphorus

26
Q

Proteins do not contain…

A

Phosphorus

27
Q

Amino acids contain…

A

Sulfur

28
Q

DNA does not contain…

A

Sulfur

29
Q

The radioactive 32P isotope will label…

A

DNA

30
Q

the isotope 35S will label…

A

Proteins

31
Q

The 32P isotope and the isotope 35S can be distinguished by…

A

the particles they emit when they decay

32
Q

Who discovered DNA and what year?

A

Friedrich Miescher in 1869

4 years after Mendel’s work
30 years before Mendel resdiscoversation

33
Q

‘nuclein’ turned into

A

nucleic acid

34
Q

What did Miescher do?

A

!!!!

35
Q

Components of nucleic acid..?

A
  1. A 5-carbon sugar
  2. A phosphate (PO4 ) group
  3. A nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base. This may be a two-ringed purine (A or G) or a single-ringed pyrimidine (T or C)
36
Q

In RNA, what replaces thymine (T) ?

A

pyrimidine uracil (U)

37
Q

To refer to carbon atom in a nucelotide..?

A

add prime symbol (‘)

38
Q

Ribosome sugars in nucleic acids contain…

A

consist of a five-membered ring with 4 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom

39
Q

The carbon atoms are numbered….

A

1’ to 5’, clockwise from the oxygen atom

40
Q

What is attached to the 5’ carbon atom of the sugar?

A

phosphate group

41
Q

What is attached to the 1’ carbon?

A

bases

42
Q

Each nucleotide has a 5’ __________ end and a 3’ __________ end

A

phosphate, hydroxyl

43
Q

Nucleotide monomers are joined together by

(L’| figure 14.4). Literally hundreds of millions of nucleotides are joined together via these linkages to form the nucleic acid polymers in your DNA.

A

a dehydration reaction
-5’ phopshate of 1 nucelotide and 3’ hydroxyl of another

44
Q

Phosphate groups are linked to the two sugars by means of a pair of ester bonds. This is called….

A

phosphodiester bond

45
Q

the nucleic acid polymers in your DNA are formed through…

A

Literally hundreds of millions of nucleotides are joined together via these linkages

46
Q
A

BIOL 214 (1 decks)

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