Chapter 14 part 1 Flashcards
Chromosomes are made of…
protein & DNA
DNA consists of how many nucleotides?
4
Protein contains how many amino acids?
20
Are amino acids more or less diverse than nucleotides?
more diverse
Who found that bacterial cells can be transformed?
Frederick Griffith
Two forms of bacteria that cause influenza are….
the normal virulent form that causes pneumonia AND a mutant, nonvirulent form that does not.
The normal virulent form of the bacteria that causes influenza is called…
the S form
Why is the normal bacteria called the S form
it forms smooth colonies on a culture dish
The mutant, nonvirulent form of the bacteria is called….
the R form
Why is the mutant, nonvirulent form of the bacteria called the R form?
it forms rough colonies
The mutant, nonvirulent form of bacteria lacks….
an enzyme - needed to manufacture the polysaccharide coat
Frederick Griffith was trying to…
make a vaccine that protects against influenza
What was thought to cause infleunza?
bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What happened in Frederick Griffith’s mouse experiment?
S form - mice died from pnuemnia
R form - mice had no effect
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Frederick Griffith’s mouse experiment showed what is needed for virulence?
polysaccharide coat
transference of virulence from one cell to another
transformation
the substance transferred between cells by transformation and indicated that the
genetic material, at least in this bacterial species, is DNA.
DNA
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identify the transforming principle
!!!!!!!!!!
Avery’s results were reinforced by….
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in 1952, who experimented with phages
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages or phages
Viruses are simpler than…
cells
Viruses consist of…
genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
Viruses are simpler than cells because when a phage infects a bacterial cell…..
- binds to the cell’s outer surface
- injects its genetic information into the cell.
- inside the cell, the viral genetic info uses the cell’s information-processing machinery to make viral proteins,
- production of thousands of new viruses
- The buildup of viruses eventually causes the cell to burst, or lyse, releasing progeny phage
Phage used by Hershey and Chase contains…
DNA & Protein only
Nucleotides contain…
Phosphorus
Proteins do not contain…
Phosphorus
Amino acids contain…
Sulfur
DNA does not contain…
Sulfur
The radioactive 32P isotope will label…
DNA
the isotope 35S will label…
Proteins
The 32P isotope and the isotope 35S can be distinguished by…
the particles they emit when they decay
Who discovered DNA and what year?
Friedrich Miescher in 1869
4 years after Mendel’s work
30 years before Mendel resdiscoversation
‘nuclein’ turned into
nucleic acid
What did Miescher do?
!!!!
Components of nucleic acid..?
- A 5-carbon sugar
- A phosphate (PO4 ) group
- A nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base. This may be a two-ringed purine (A or G) or a single-ringed pyrimidine (T or C)
In RNA, what replaces thymine (T) ?
pyrimidine uracil (U)
To refer to carbon atom in a nucelotide..?
add prime symbol (‘)
Ribosome sugars in nucleic acids contain…
consist of a five-membered ring with 4 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom
The carbon atoms are numbered….
1’ to 5’, clockwise from the oxygen atom
What is attached to the 5’ carbon atom of the sugar?
phosphate group
What is attached to the 1’ carbon?
bases
Each nucleotide has a 5’ __________ end and a 3’ __________ end
phosphate, hydroxyl
Nucleotide monomers are joined together by
(L’| figure 14.4). Literally hundreds of millions of nucleotides are joined together via these linkages to form the nucleic acid polymers in your DNA.
a dehydration reaction
-5’ phopshate of 1 nucelotide and 3’ hydroxyl of another
Phosphate groups are linked to the two sugars by means of a pair of ester bonds. This is called….
phosphodiester bond
the nucleic acid polymers in your DNA are formed through…
Literally hundreds of millions of nucleotides are joined together via these linkages
