Chapter 14: Medication Information Flashcards
What two terms are used interchangeably in the health care field?
Drugs and Medications
Are substances prescribed for treatment that produce therapeutically useful effects?
Medications
Denotes substances used in diagnosis, treatment, or disease prevention, or as a component of a medication?
- replace a missing substance in the body
Drugs
medications made from plants
digitalis
medications that come from animal sources
heparin
medications that are produced by microorganisms
penicillin
Indicates its chemical family
generic
given to a drug by its manufacturer
Proprietary or trade names
Resources on medications are:
- physician’s desk reference (PDR)
- clinical pharmacology
Setting the standards for control of drugs
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Safety of workplace environment
OSHA
standards for control of drugs:
These standards include strict rules concerning efficiency (effectiveness), purity, potency (strength), safety, and toxicity (potential for harm) of both prescription and nonprescription over-the-counter (OTC) medications.
term that means effectiveness
Efficiency
Term that means strength
Potency
term that means potential for harm
Toxicity
The study of the way the body processes a drug and includes how drugs are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized and exit the body
-Affects the response of persons to drugs (Varies according to age, physical condition, sex, weight, and immune status)
Pharmacokinetics
is a process involving the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation to produce a desired effect.
Absorption
How are oral medications absorbed?
Oral medications are absorbed through the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract
How are other medications injected or absorbed?
Other medications are injected and absorbed through the blood vessels in the muscles, subcutaneous tissues, or dermal layers.
When medications are injected directly into a vein or artery
No absorption needed
is the means by which a drug travels from the bloodstream to the target tissue and site of action.
- This process depends on adequate circulation. Drugs act more quickly in organs with an abundant blood supply, such as the liver, heart, brain, and kidneys.
Distribution
is the process by which the body transforms drugs into an inactive form that can be excreted from the body.
Metabolism
Where do most drug metabolism occur?
In your liver
where enzymatic action transforms a drug into metabolites (products of metabolism) that can be excreted via the intestinal tract or the kidneys.
The liver
refers to the elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized.
Excretion
Some of examples of how drugs may be excreted
Drugs may be excreted by way of the kidneys, intestines, lungs, breast milk, or exocrine glands.
- Portions of some drugs can escape metabolism and be excreted unchanged in urine or feces.
are the chief organs of excretion
The kidneys
Postoperative patients who are under anesthesia are encouraged to what?
are encouraged to cough and breathe deeply to help clear their bodies of the anesthetic agent
Volatile substances such as alcohol and certain anesthetics are what?
are excreted through the lungs.
Defined as the study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body
Pharmacodynamics
A drug that produces a specific action and promotes the desired result
Agonist
A drug that attaches itself to the receptor, preventing the agonist from acting
Antagonist
Toxic effects of medication can occur when the drug accumulates in the body resulting in
- Overdose
- Impaired elimination
- Advanced age
- Impaired metabolism
- Drug sensitivity
- purpose of the medication
- usually drug binds to a receptor sites on cells
examples : pain relief, blood pressure controlled, reduce inflammation
Therapeutic Effect
- effect other than the desired
- related to the chemical and therapeutic characteristics
- something you don’t want
- ex: nausea, headache, insomnia, dry mouth
Side effect
- poisonous, potentially lethal
- inadequate excretion, impaired metabolism, overdose, or drug sensitivity
- ex: respiratory depression, kidney failure
Toxic effect
- overreaction, underreaction, unusual reaction
- cause: unknown, unique to individuals
- example: sedative cause anxiety, appetite suppressant increases appetite; mild stimulant causes extreme excitation
Idiosyncratic effect
- characteristic response to an allergen
- cause: previous sensitization to an initial dose of the medication or one of its components
- example: hives, asthma, attack, bronchospasm
Allergic response
-responses to combined drugs that differ from their individual effects
- cause: chemical or physiological drug interaction
- example: combination of hypertension medication and diuretic drug causes weakness and fainting
Synergistic effect
Toxic effects of medication can occur when the drug accumulates in the body resulting in
- overdose
- impaired elimination
- advanced age
- impaired metabolism
- drug sensitivity
Specific drugs that treats a toxic effect is called an
Antidote
A type of reaction that occurs when a patient overreacts or underreacts to a drug or has an unusual reaction
Idiosyncratic reaction
This type of reaction occurs when a patient has been sensitized to the initial dose of a medication and developed an reaction to the allergen and related drugs
Allergic reaction
Medications Used to Treat Allergic Reactions
-Termed antihistamines
-Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) is more commonly used in imaging.
-Epinephrine (adrenaline) is administered for severe reactions
-Category includes antiseptics, such as Betadine.
-Antibiotics are also in this category.
-used to disinfect
Antimicrobials
Used to control or prevent seizures
- example ( diazepam) (Valium) and dilantin
Anticonvulsants
Used to treat chronic cardiac arrhythmias
-amiodarone (Pacerone)
-adenocard
-coradarone
-isoptin
-pronestyl
-xylocaine
Antiarrhythmics
-Relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness
-Range from controlled narcotics to over-the-counter (OTC) medications, such as ibuprofen and aspirin
- if is a controlled substance (addicted to) increase chance of abuse
Analgesics
induce sleep
narcrotic
Exert a quieting effect, often inducing sleep.
Sedatives and tranquilizers
Reduce anxiety better than sedatives
- example: lorazepam (ativan) and diazepam (valium)
Tranquilizers
Used to counteract the effects of other drugs, such as sedatives and analgesics
example: flumazenil (romazicon) and naloxone (narcan)
Antagonists
Relaxion and sedatives used what type of medicine combined
Benzos
Used to eliminate sensation in a specific area before a painful procedure
example: Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Local anesthetics
example of a local anesthetics
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
May be administered for insertion of an endotracheal airway or to combative patients to facilitate diagnosis and treatment
- a skeletal muscle relaxant
- no unconsciousness inability to response
- short term succinylcholine chloride (Anectine)
- mivacurium (Mivacron)
Paralytic agents
Control the level of glucose in the blood, primarily as a treatment for diabetes mellitus
Hypoglycemic agents
Type l diabetes is treated with?
Insulin
Type ll diabetes are treated with?
Type II may be treated with metformin (Glucophage), a sulfonylurea (Amaryl or Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinase), or rosiglitazone (Avandia).
Drugs used to reduce blood pressure.
Antihypertensives
principle types for treatment to control blood pressure
- angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- beta blockers
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues
-swelling
edema
a substance produced by metabolic action or necessary for a metabolic process.
Metabolite
to change physically and chemically as a result of body processes; the physiological process of using food or medication.
Metabolize
“sleep-inducing”
Narcotic
a narcotic drug that contains opium
Opiate
describes any drug, natural or synthetic, that acts similarly to morphine
Opioid
powerful
potent
strength
potency
an induced state of quiet, calmness, or sleep, as by means of a sedative or hypnotic medication; such medication
Sedative
a poison; having a poisonous effect
Toxic
potential for harm
Toxicity
the acting or working together of two or more components, as when medications produce a combined effect
Synergistic
What must a radiographer know relating to medications in the imaging department?
- become familiar with the names, dosages, and routes of administration
Many drugs today are manufactured from:
Synthetic materials
Are more likely when patients have insufficient fluid intake
Toxic effects
When receptors and drugs lock together what type of effect occurs?
Therapeutic effect
With elderly patients who have poor cardiac, renal or hepatic function what is most likely to happen
likelihood that toxic effects may occur
Some individuals become very agitated, rather than sedated, when phenobarbital is administered
idiosyncratic reaction
an agent that causes an allergic response; a substance to which an organism has previously been exposed and to which it has developed antibodies.
Allergen
hypersensitive reaction to intrinsically harmless antigens
Allergic
drug or agent that is capable of producing a complete or partial loss of feeling
Anesthetic
a drug prescribed to calm anxious or agitated people
Tranquilizer
the medical term for allergic reaction is
antihistamines
What is the most common medication for allergic reaction
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
How can Benadryl be given:
Benadryl may also be given intramuscularly (IM) or intravenously (IV) if the patient has an allergic reaction.and orally
anti-inflammatory medications that may also be prescribed before the injection of contrast media.
Short-acting corticosteroids such as cortisone acetate
For patients with an acute allergic reaction what medication is given
-This drug stimulates the heart and the sympathetic nervous system.
epinephrine (Adrenalin)
How is epinephrine (Adrenalin) administered
is administered subcutaneously (SC), IM, or IV.
When patients with a severe or incapacitating allergic response do not appear to respond to the treatment what medication is given
- This long-acting corticosteroid acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, preventing or reducing edema (swelling) of the tracheobronchial tree. This treatment minimizes the possibility of respiratory arrest.
methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) may be administered IV.
- also includes antibiotics, which are medications given to treat wound infections and infectious diseases.
- This category includes antiseptics such as alcohol and Betadine, an iodine compound commonly used in imaging departments for skin preparations before sterile injection procedures.
antimicrobials
medications are prescribed for patients with chronic seizure disorder
-Preventive doses taken regularly allow seizure-prone individuals to continue the activities of daily living
anticonvulsants
When seizures are prolonged or follow closely, what medication is given
Phenytoin (Dilantin) and diazepam (Valium)
what common medication is used to treat seizures
- commonly order an initial dose of 5 to 10 mg
diazepam valium
A wide variety of medications is used to treat chronic cardiac arrhythmias
Antiarrhythmics
For acute attacks of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular arrhythmia, what medication is used
amiodarone (Pacerone)
both ventricular and atrial arrhythmias can also be treated with
may be treated with amiodarone, lidocaine, quinidine (Quinidex), and several other drugs in this class.
The opioid family, whose name derives from opium,
morphine, codeine, and meperidine (Demerol)
analgesics with a low potential for side effects, are
such as aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and naproxen sodium, are classed as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Decadron is used for what
allergic reactions
list medications for arrhythmias
*adenocard
*cordarone
*isoptin
*pronestyl
*xylocaine
medications for allergic reaction
decadron and benadryl
blood thinners
-Anticoagulants
*heaprin
*coumadin
*warfarin
what med is used for colon spasm
glucogon
what med is used for chest pain
nitro
what med is used for hyper insulin
glucophage metforman
angina
chest pain
administer med sublinqual (under tongue)
medication for seizures
dilantin
medication for bradycardia
atropine
med for shock, hypotension
dobutrex
medications for shock
intropin and levophed
med for edema
lasix
med for cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis
epinephrine
med for metabolic acidosis
sodium bicarbonate
med for laxatives
cathartics
med for angina
nitroglycerine
what is a trade name for diphenhydramine
benedryl
epinephrine is the generic name what is the trade name
adrenaline
what is the generic drug for acetylsaliclic acid
aspirin
what ways could benedryl be administered
orally, IM, IV
what are the ways epinephrine can be adminsitered
SQ, IM, IV
edema
swelling
what ways are diazepam adminsitered
IV or IM
patients receiving opoids should be monitored for resp. depression . what monitoring equipment would you use
pulse oximeter
trade name for diazepam
valium
how can narcan be administered
SC or IM
or dilute and give IV
examples of benzos
ativan, valium, versed
It continuously monitors both pulse rate and blood oxygen levels. placed on the finger, toe, or earlobe
Pulse oximeter
electrical acitivity/impulses of the heart
EKG or ECG
