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Lifespan EXAM 3 > Chapter 14 LECTURE 12 PART II > Flashcards

Chapter 14 LECTURE 12 PART II Flashcards

Advanced Old Age and Geriatrics

1
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS:
What are the 4 theories of the aging process?

A
  1. Free Radicals
  2. Biological Clock (Programmed Cell Death)
  3. Wear-and-Tear Theory
  4. Immune Theory
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2
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Free Radicals
-How do ions travel?
-Example?

A

-In pairs
-Sodium and chloride

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3
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Free Radicals
-How do free radicals occur?

A

-When one of the ions breaks off, it becomes a free radical

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4
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Free Radicals
-Describe free radicals

A

They are unstable & seek other atoms or molecules to bond to (attack)

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5
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Free Radicals
-The number of free radicals in people decreases as they age (T/F)
-What eventually happens?

A

-False; they INCREASE
-You will die bc of the accumulation of them

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6
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Biological Clock
-What two other things is this also known as?

A

Programmed cell death and apoptosis

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7
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Biological Clock
-What happens here?

A

No cell lasts forever & after a certain time, it outlives its time and will die

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8
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Biological Clock
-What does it dictate?
-What does it contribute to?

A

-Menopause
-Other body changes that result in death

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9
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Wear-and-Tear Thoery
-What happens to the human body?

A

The human body breaks down over time

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9
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Wear-and-Tear Thoery
-As you get older, what declines and what decreases?
-What is an example?

A
  1. Vision declines
  2. Bone mass decreases
    -EXAMPLE: Arthritis in knees
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10
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Immune Theory
-With age, the body has a harder time telling the difference between what?
-What ends up happening because of this?

A

-between healthy & defective cells
-it ends up destroying both types

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11
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Immune Theory
-What is the end result?

A

the body’s immune response is impaired, which increases the aging person’s susceptibilty to illnesses

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12
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Immune Theory
-The body can no longer repair itself as it did in the younger years (T/F)

A

True

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13
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Immune Theory
-The immune theory applies to who?

A

Both infants and older adults

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14
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Immune Theory
-Infants are born with what kind of immune system?
-What happens after?
-What about in older adults?

A

-immature immune system
-It peaks
-It decreases in older adults

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15
Q

THEORIES OF THE AGING PROCESS: Immune Theory
-Due to the state of the immune system, what vaccine is given to older adults and infants?

A

RSV vaccine

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16
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-There are misconceptions regarding the benefits of what?

A

Health promotion

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17
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-What can be difficult for older adults?

A

Differentiating normal changes from pathology

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18
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-There is a large prevalence of what?

A

Chronic diseases

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19
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-Chronic diseases limit daily activities for __% of those who are older than ___
-It impairs ___/___ to learn ___ ___

A

-39%
-65
-ability/motivation
-health behaviors

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20
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-Varying practices are due to what?

A

Cultural backgrounds

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21
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-What percent of adults older than 65 have a problem with at least one activity of daily living?

A

61%

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22
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-What are 3 examples of ADLs?

A
  1. Cooking
  2. Bathing/Showering
  3. Walking
23
Q

BIOLOGY & GENETICS
-There is a great need for what two things?

A
  1. Health promotion
  2. Disease/injury prevention
24
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: BONES & CARTILAGE
-What results in a decrease in height?

A

the loss of body water and bone mass

25
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: BONES & CARTILAGE
-What three things can occur after the age of 65?

A
  1. Decrease in muscle mass
  2. Loss of body water
  3. Increase in fat deposits
26
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: BLOOD VESSELS
-What two things become less elastic?

A
  1. Heart muscle
  2. Muscle lining
27
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: BLOOD VESSELS
-What slows down?
-What may rise, why?

A

-Oxygen exchange
-BP may rise to compensate for the lowered oxygen

28
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: BLOOD VESSELS
-____ deposits in blood vessels

29
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: LUNGS
-What two things become more rigid?
-What happens because of this?

A
  1. Ribs
  2. Cartilage
    -Respiratory muscles have to work harder
30
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: LUNGS
-Lung tissue loses what?
-What does this cause a decrease in?

A

-elasticity
-lung volume

31
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: KIDNEYS & BLADDER
-What causes kidneys to filter blood more slowly? (2)

A
  1. Decreased blood flow
  2. Scarring
32
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: KIDNEYS & BLADDER
-Bladder capacity (increases/decreases)?
-What is a common result?
-What can also occur?

A

-decreases
-urinary frequency
-incontinence

33
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: METABOLISM
-Many aging changes lead to retention of what two things?
-What does this increase the risk of?

A

-glucose and lipids
-cardiovascular disease & diabetes

34
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: METABOLISM
-What is glucose

35
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: METABOLISM
-What are lipids

36
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: DIGESTION, TASTE, SMELL
-(Increased/decreased) motility of the GI system results in problems
-What are these problems? (3)

A

-Decreased

  1. Difficulty swallowing
  2. Slower emptying of the stomach
  3. Delays in movement of waste through the large intestine
37
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: DIGESTION, TASTE, SMELL
-Decling perception of ___
-Increased detection of ___
-Declining quantities of ___
-These things listed above make eating (more/less) interesting

A

-salt
-bitter
-saliva
-less

38
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: DIGESTION, TASTE, SMELL
-What nerve is used to smell?
-In older adults, this becomes (more/less) functional?
-Would they be able to smell food if its spoiled?

A

-Olfactory nerve (I)
-less
-No

39
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: TEETH
-What happens to the jawbone?
-What decreases?
-What is common because of these things?

A

-it gradually shrinks
-circulation to the gums
-Tooth loss

40
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: SKIN
-The skin becomes (thicker/thinner)?
-What is poorer?
-Decreased sense of touch affects what three things?

A

-thinner
-turgor (Elasticity)

  1. motor skills
  2. hand grip
  3. balance
41
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: EYES
-What can cause eye irritation?

A

Reduction in tear production

42
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: EYES
-There is a decline in what two things?

A

vision and visual acuity

43
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: EARS
-There is a decrease in what?
-What results in difficulty hearing certain frequencies of sound?
-Specifically, what kind of frequencies?

A

-hearing ability
-loss of hair cells in inner ear
-high tones

44
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: NERVOUS SYSTEM
-What happens to neurons?
-What does this mean?

A

-Neurons atrophy (decrease in size)
-Brain cells start to shrink

45
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: NERVOUS SYSTEM
-The brain’s _____ shrinks __% each decade after the age of ___

A

-volume
-5%
-40

46
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: NERVOUS SYSTEM
-What slows?

A

Blood flow to the brain

47
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: NERVOUS SYSTEM
-What two things are delayed?
-This puts the older adult more at risk for what?

A
  1. Motor responses
  2. Reaction time to stimuli
    -injury
48
Q

ELIMINATION PATTERN
-What are two kinds of elimination issues?

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Urinary incontinence
49
Q

ELIMINATION PATTERN
-What are 8 health strategies?

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Increase fiber/fluid intake
  3. Lifestyle modifications
  4. Voiding Schedules
  5. Prompted voiding
  6. Incontinence devices
  7. Kegel exercises
  8. Avoid caffeine
50
Q

ELIMINATION PATTERN
-What are three lifestyle modifications?

A

weight loss, exercise, diet

51
Q

ELIMINATION PATTERN
-What is voiding schedules?

A

Making schedules for them to use the bathroom so they don’t forget

52
Q

ELIMINATION PATTERN
-What is prompted voiding?

A

Reminding them it’s time to use the bathroom

53
Q

ELIMINATION PATTERN
-What are incontinence devices?

A

Alarms that detect wetness

54
Q

ELIMINATION PATTERN
-Why should they avoid caffeine?
-It can make incontinence (better/worse)?

A

-Because it is a stimulant and diuretic
-worse

Lifespan EXAM 3 (10 decks)

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