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IFSTA Pumping and Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook - 3rd Edition > Chapter 14 - Foam Equipment and Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Foam Equipment and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Some of the major reasons for the increase in use of foam products include: (4)

A

> Magnitude and frequency of hazardous materials incidents that require foam operations for mitigation.
Newer foam concentrates are more easily used by structural and wildland firefighters.
Improvements in the design of foam proportioning equipment and systems have made their inclusion in apparatus more feasible.
Use of foam may help reduce water usage; a significant factor where supply is limited.

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2
Q

_________ ____ are the most common foams in use.

A

Mechanical Foams

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3
Q

These products must be ____________ (mixed with water) and ________ (mixed with air) before use

A

Proportioned

Aerated

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4
Q

To produce fire fighting foam, ____ _______, _____, and ___ must be ________ or injected in the correct ratios.

A

Foam Concentrate
Water
Air
Educted

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5
Q

Raw foam liquid in its storage container before being combined with water and air.

A

Foam Concentrate

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6
Q

Device that injects the correct amount of foam concentrate into the water stream to make the doam solution.

A

Foam Proportioner

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7
Q

Mixture of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air.

A

Foam Solution

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8
Q

Completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution. (Also known as Finish Foam)

A

Foam

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9
Q

Class B fuels are divided into two categories:

A

Hydrocarbons and Polar Solvents

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10
Q

__________ ____, such as crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline, benzene, and kerosene, are petroleum based and have a specific gravity of less than one and will float on water.

A

Hydrocarbon Fuels

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11
Q

______ _______ _____, such as alcohol, acetone, ketones, and esters, are known as miscible liquids because they mix with water.

A

Polar Solvent Fuels

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12
Q

_______ foams are designed solely for use on hydrocarbon fuels and are not effective on polar solvent products regardless of the concentration that is applied.

A

Class B Foams

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13
Q

Foam extinguishes and/or suppresses vapors by the following methods:

A

> Separating - Creates a barrier between the fuel and the fire.
Cooling - Lowers the temperature of the fuel and adjacent surfaces.
Suppressing or smothering - Prevents the release of flammable vapors, reducing the possibility of ignition or reignition.

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14
Q

____________ is the act of mixing of water with foam concentrate to form a foam solution.

A

Proportioning

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15
Q

Most fire fighting foam concentrates are formulated to mix with a___ to _____ percent water.

A

94 to 99.9%

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16
Q

Class A foam percentages may range from as little as ____ percent to __ percent.

A

0.1 to 1 %

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17
Q

Foam is proportioned by using one of four basic methods:

A

> Induction
Injection
Batch Mixing
Premixing

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18
Q

Four common methods of foam storage for most fire service applications are:

A

> Pails
Barrels
Totes
Apparatus Tanks

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19
Q

Five-gallon plastic _____ are commonly used containers in many municipal fire departments.

A

Pails

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20
Q

Foam concentrate is also available in 55- gallon plastic or plastic-lined _______.

A

Barrels

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21
Q

When bulk storage of foam concentrates is required, some fire departments or industrial facilities may specify 275-gallon containers, called _______.

A

Totes

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22
Q

Foam concentrate tanks on municipal fire apparatus generally range from ___ to ____ gallons while foam pumpers or tenders may carry _____ gallons or more of concentrate.

A

20 to 200

8,000

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23
Q

The majority of foam concentrates are divided for use on either ______ __ (ordinary combustibles) or _____ __ (Flammable liquids) fuels.

A

Class A or Class B

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24
Q

_______ ___ foam may be used with fog nozzles, aerating foam nozzles, and medium and high expansion devices; and compressed air foam systems using most nozzles, including solid stream nozzles.

A

Class A foam

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25
Q

______ __ foam concentrates my be mixed with percentages as little as ___ to ____ percent.

A

0.1 to 1.0 %

26
Q

The following guidelines are commonly used for proportioning Class A Foam:

A

> Fire attack and overhaul with standard fog nozzles - 0.2 to 0.5%
Exposure protection with standard fog nozzles - 0.5 to 1.0%
Any application with air aspirating foam nozzles - 0.3 - 0.7%
Any application with CAFS - 0.2 to 0.5%

27
Q

The __________ ____ refers to the minimum amount of foam solution that must be applied to a fire, per minute, per square foot of fire.

A

Application Rate

28
Q

These foam concentrates (______ __) consist of a sythetic or protein base. While synthetic foam is made from a mixture of flourosurfactants, protein based foam is derived from animal protein

A

Class B

29
Q

Class B foams are mixed in proportions from ____ to ____ percent

A

1 to 6%

30
Q

The method used to aerate foam solution will create a varying degree of expansion based on the following:

A

> Type of foam concentrate used
Accurate proportioning of the foam concentrate in the solution
Quality of the foam concentrate
Method of Aeration

31
Q

_____ __________ is generally described as being low, medium, or high.

A

Foam expansion

32
Q

NFPA 11 states that low expansion foam contains an air/solution ratio of up to ___ parts finished foam for every part of foam solution, a ____:__ ratio. Medium expansion foam is commonly used at a rate of ___:__ up to ____:__throughhydraulically operated nozzle type delivery devices. When high expansion foam is used the expansion rate is from ____:__ to _____:__.

A

20 parts
20:1

20: 1 to 200:1
200: 1 to 1000:1

33
Q

The rate at which foam is applied depends on several variables, including:

A

> The type of concentrate used
Whether or not the fuel is on fire.
Type of fuel involved (hydrocarbon vs. polar solvent)
Whether the fuel is contained or uncontained.

34
Q

_________________ foam may be made alcohol resistant with the addition of ammonia salts suspended in organic solvents. The alcohol-resistive properties will be effective for approximately ___ minutes, offering high-water retention and resistance to heat.

A

Fluoroprotein

15-minutes

35
Q

__________ _________ _________ _____ (AFFF), or commonly called A triple F, is currently the most commonly used synthetic foam concentrate.

A

Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)

36
Q

When AFFF or FFFP foam is applied to a fire involving a hydrocarbon fuel product, several actions will occur

A

> An air/vapor excluding film is released ahead of the foam blanket.
A fast moving blanket of foam spreads across the surface of the fuel surface surrounding objects and providing insulation.
As the aerated foam blanket drains its water, more film is released giving the foam an ability to recover, or “heal” areas where the foam blanket is disturbed.

37
Q

_______ ________ ____ __________ is commonly available for use on polar solvents. This concentrate is generally used at concentrations of ____ to ____ percent.

A

Alcohol resistant AFFF concentrate

3 to 6%

38
Q

Several common applications for high-expansion foam include:

A

> Concealed space fire such as cellars and coal mines or subterranean spaces such as utility tunnels and sewers
Fixed extinguishing systems for specific indutrial hazards
Class A fire applications

39
Q

In general, foam proportioning devices operate by one of two basic principles:

A

> A Venturi effect created by the pressure of a water stream flowing through a restricted orifice inducts (drafts) foam concentrate into the water stream.
A pressurized proportioning device injects foam concentrate into a water stream at a set ratio and at a higher pressure than the water flow.

40
Q

The three common type of portable proportioning devices are ____________, ___________, and ____________________.

A

In-line foam eductors
Foam nozzle eductors
Self educting master stream nozzles

41
Q

The foam concentrate inlet to the eductor should be no more than ___ feet about the liquid surface of the foam concentrate.

A

6 feet

42
Q

Some master stream foam nozzles are capable of delivering ______ gpm.

A

14,000 gpm

43
Q

A major advantage of the self-educting nozzle is the pressure drop is much lower (___ percent or less) than most standard foam nozzle eductors. This feature allows the stream to have a much greater reach capabilities.

A

10 percent

44
Q

A ____ ____ ______(JRC) allows the foam concentrate supply to be located as far as _____ feet away from a self educting master stream nozzle.

A

Jet Ratio Controller

3,000 feet

45
Q

A Jet Ratio Controller proportions the concentrate at a ____ percent solution, resulting in a discharge solution of ___ percent

A

66.5 % solution

3% finished foam

46
Q

_______-___-_______ ________ are one of the most common types of installed proportioners used in modern fire apparatus.

A

Around-the-Pump Proportioners

47
Q

Variable flow variable rate direct injection systems proportion foam concentrate at rates from ___ to ___ percent.

A

0.1 to 3%

48
Q

______ _______ or the dump in method is the simplest method of proportioning foam.

A

Batch Mixing

49
Q

Compressed air foam offers several tactical advantages, including: (5)

A

> The reach of the fire stream is considerably longer than those of low energy systems.
A CAFS system produces small uniform air bubbles that are very durable.
Foam produced by a CAFS adheres to a fuel surface and resists heat longer than low energy foam.
Hoselines containing high energy foam solution weigh less than those containing plain water, or low energy foam solution.
CAFS may provide a safer fire attack that allows effective reach from a greater distance.

50
Q

CAFS does have a number of limiting factors, including: (4)

A

> A CAFS increases the purchase price and maintenance costs of new apparatus
Hose reaction may be erratic if the foam solution is not applied to the hoseline in sufficient quantities.
In the event of a hose burst, the compressed air will intensify the reaction of the hoseline.
Additional training is required for personnel who will operate and conduct fire attack operations using CAFS equipment.

51
Q

Generally, ___ cu ft/min of airflow per gallon per minute of foam solution produces a dry foam of up to ____ gpm of foam solution. This creates a substantial amount of foam at a ___:__ expansion ratio.

A

2 cu ft/min
100 gpm
10:1

52
Q

The most common handline nozzles used for foam application are ____________, ______, and ________________.

A

Smooth bore nozzles
fog nozzles
air-aspirating foam nozzles

53
Q

Expansion ratios for most fog nozzles are in the __:__ up to __:__ range.

A

2:1 up to 4:1

54
Q

There are two basic types of medium- and high- expansion foam generators:

A

Water Aspirating and Mechanical Blower

55
Q

The air content of medium expansion foam ranges from ___:__ to ____:__. For high expansion foam, the ratio ranges from ____:__ to _____:__.

A

20: 1 to 200:1
200: 1 to 1000:1

56
Q

The technique for applying foam to a fire or spill include:

A

> Direct-application method
Roll-on method
Bank-down method
Rain-down method

57
Q

This method is effective for use only on a pool or liquid fuel on the open ground.

A

Roll-On Method

58
Q

This is the most common method of application for above ground storage tank fires.

A

Rain-Down Method

59
Q

The primary concern regarding the environmental impact of foam is the ______________.

A

Effect of finished foam after application to a fire or spill

60
Q

Generally known as durable or ______ ______, ____ ____ gels, or ______ ____ ________ gels, these products retain their fire retarding properties longer then Class A foam.

A

Gelling Agents
Fire Blocking Gels
Aqueous Fire Fighting Gels

61
Q

When used as an extinguishing agent, the standard application rate for gelling agents is __:____. When used on a fire line, durable agents are often applied at ___ to ___ percent. For structural protection, the application ratio is ___ to ___ percent. With this application, durable agents will adhere to vertical structural surfaces for up to 24 hours.

A

1: 100
1. 5 to2%

2 to 3%

IFSTA Pumping and Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook - 3rd Edition (21 decks)

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