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PSYC 3300: KEN CRAMER - FINAL > CHAPTER 14: CARL ROGERS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14: CARL ROGERS Flashcards

1
Q

When was Carl Rogers born?

A

Carl Ranson Rogers was born to Walter and Julia Cushing Rogers on January 8, 1902, in Oak Park (a Chicago suburb), and he was the fourth of six children.

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2
Q

Why did Roger’s parents discourage the development of friendships?

A

Due to non-family members engaging in questionable activities.

“The Outsiders”

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3
Q

What did Rogers study at the University of Wisconsin in 1919?

A

Agriculture.

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4
Q

What happened during the visit to the World Student Christian Federation Conference in Peking, China?

A

Rogers experiences a profound effect having experienced fristhand people of different cultures with different religions.

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5
Q

What was Rogers diagnosed with after his return from China?

A

Duodenal ulcer.

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6
Q

What did Rogers change his major to when returning to the University of Wisconsin?

A

History.

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7
Q

Self-Actualization

A

The organism has one basic tendency and striving– to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism.

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8
Q

Example of Self-Actualization

A

A central source of energy in the human organism; that is a function of the whole organism rather than some portion of it; and that it is perhaps best conceptualized as a tendency toward fulfillment, toward actualization, toward the maintenance and enhancement of the organism.

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9
Q

Actualizing Tendency

A

The driving force in everyone’s life, causes the person to become more differentiated (complex), more independent, and more socially responsible.

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10
Q

Organismic Valuing Process

A

Frame of reference that allows an individual to know if his or her experiences are in accordance with his or her actualizing tendency.

Those experiences that maintain or enhance the person are in accordance with this process; other experiences are not.

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11
Q

Phenomenological Reality

A

Determines people’s behaviour.

How people interpret things is, for them, the only reality.

Person’s private, subjective perception or interpretation of objective reality.

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12
Q

Experience

A

All the events of which a person could be aware at any given moment.

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13
Q

Awareness

A

Characterizes the events in one’s experience that have been symbolized and therefore have entered consciousness.

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14
Q

What happens when potential experiences become symbolized?

A

They enter awareness and become a part of the person’s phenomenological field.

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15
Q

Phenomenological Field

A

That portion of experience of which an individual is aware.

It is the subjective reality, rather than physical reality, that directs a person’s behaviour.

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16
Q

Why was the distinction between experience and awareness important to Rogers?

A

Certain conditions cause people to deny to distort certain experiences, thereby preventing them from entering their awareness.

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17
Q

Self

A

That portion of the phenomenological field that comes differentiated because of experiences involving terms such as I, me, and mine.

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18
Q

Self

A

That portion of the phenomenological field that comes differentiated because of experiences involving terms such as I, me, and mine.

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19
Q

What can a person do during the Self stage.

A

A person can reflect on themselves as a distinct object of which he or she is aware.

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20
Q

Why is the development of the Self a major manifestation of the actualizing tendency?

A

Inclines the organism toward greater differentiation and complexity.

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21
Q

Need for Positive Regard

A

Positive regard means receiving warmth, love, sympathy, care, respect, and acceptance from the relevant people in one’s life.

In other words, it is the feeling of being prized by those people who are most important to us.

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22
Q

Conditions of Worth

A

Specifies the circumstances under which children will receive positive regard.

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23
Q

Example of Conditions of Worth

A

If the children do certain things, they will receive positive regard, if they do other things, they will not

Through repeated experiences with these conditions of worth, children internalize them, making them part of their self-structure.

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24
Q

What happens once the Conditions of Worth are internalized?

A

They become a conscience or superego which guides the children’s behaviour even when the parents are not present.

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25
Q

Need for Self-Regard

A

Children develop the need to view themselves positively.

Children first want others to feel good about them and then they want to feel good about themselves.

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26
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Experience of a positive regard without conditions of wroth.

Positive regard is not contingent on certain acts or thoughts.

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27
Q

What was Rogers approach to deal with behaviour problems?

A

A rational and democratic approach.

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28
Q

How should a child feel?

A

A child should always feel prized and have his or her own feelings validated, but his or her behaviour may not always be accepted by the parent.

The feelings behind the behaviour can be validated, while discouraging inappropriate actions.

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29
Q

Incongruency

A

Exists when people no longer use their organismic valuing process as means of determining if their experiences are in accordance with their actualizing tendency.

No longer acting honestly toward his or her self-experiences.

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30
Q

Introjected Values

A

Conditions of worth that are internalized and become the basis for one’s self-regard.

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31
Q

What was the cause of all human adjustment problems?

A

Incongruence.

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32
Q

What causes Incongruency?

A

If a person is using introjected values to understand their experience they are not being true to themselves and must be distorting their experiences as a way to gain positive regard from others.

33
Q

What happens when Incongruency exists?

A

When incongruency exists between self and experience, the person is maladjusted and is vulnerable to anxiety and threat and therefore is defensive.

34
Q

Anxiety

A

Results when people subceive an experience as being incompatible with their self-structure and its introjected conditions of worth.

35
Q

When is Anxiety experienced?

A

When an event is encountered that threatens the existing self-structure.

36
Q

Subception

A

Detection of an experience before it enters full awareness.

A potentially threatening event can be denied or distorted because it causes anxiety.

37
Q

Defense

A

Effort to change a threatening experience through distortion or denial.

38
Q

Denial

A

Refusal to allow threatening experiences to enter awareness.

39
Q

Distortion

A

Medication of a threatening experience so it is no longer threatening.

40
Q

Symbolization

A

Process by which an event enters an individual’s awareness.

41
Q

Example of Subception (Defense, Denial, and Distortion)

A

If a person’s introjected conditions of worth include being a poor student, then receiving a good grade on a test would be threatening, and the experience would tend to be distorted or denied.

The person may say, that he or she was just lucky or that the teacher made a mistake.

42
Q

Psychotherapy

A

An experience designed to help an incongruent person become congruent.

43
Q

What were the 6 conditions that were necessary and sufficient for effective therapy?

A
  1. Two persons are in psychological contact
  2. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious
  3. The second person, whom we shall term there therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship.
  4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client
  5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client
  6. The communication to the client of there therapist’s empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved
44
Q

What was the goal of Rogers between a therapist and client?

A

To attain constructive personality change.

45
Q

Nondirective Therapy

A

The emphasis was on the client’s ability to solve his or her problems.

46
Q

Client-Centered Therapy

A

The therapist makes an active effort to understand the client’s subjective reality.

47
Q

Internal Frame of Reference

A

Subjective reality, or phenomenological field, according to which a person lives his or her life.

48
Q

Experiential Stage

A

The therapist became as free as the client.

Deep, personal feelings of both therapist and client were equally important, and the therapeutic process was regarded as a struggle to put these feelings into words.

49
Q

Person-Centered Stage

A

Emphasis was on understanding the total person, not on understanding the person merely as a client.

50
Q

How did Rogers describe his person-entered approach?

A

An approach to life, a way of being. The growth of a person, a group, or a community was part of the goal.

51
Q

Why is Therapy designed?

A

To produce constructive personality change by eliminating incongruity between experience and the self.

52
Q

Fully Functioning Person

A

Person whose locus of evaluation is his os her own organismic valuing process rather than internalized conditions of worth.

“Being true to oneself”

53
Q

Where does Happiness come from?

A

The active participation in the actualizing tendency that is a continuous process.

54
Q

What are the 3 conditions required for growth?

A
  1. Genuineness or Congruence
  2. Unconditional Positive Regard
  3. Empathic Understanding
55
Q

Empathy

A

Temporarily living in the other’s life, moving about in it delicately without making judgements.

56
Q

What will happen if people are fortunate enough to have a generous portion of Genuineness or Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Empathic Understanding?

A

They will have at least the following characteristics:
1. They will be open to experience—that is, they will exhibit no defensiveness. Therefore, their experiences will be accurately symbolized and thus available to awareness.
2. Their self-structures will be congruent with their experiences and will be capable of changing so as to assimilate new experiences.
3. They will perceive themselves as the locus of evaluation of their experiences. In other words, their organismic valuing process is used to evaluate their experiences instead of conditions of worth.
4. They will experience unconditional self-regard.
5. They will meet each situation with behavior that is a unique and creative adaptation to the newness of that moment. In other words, they meet each new experience with honest spontaneity instead of with preconception of what those experiences should mean. In 1961, Rogers referred to this characteristic of a fully functioning person as “existential living,” which he described as follows: “What I will be in the next moment, and what I will do, grows out of that moment, and cannot be predicted in advance either by me or by others”
6. They will live in harmony with others because of the rewarding nature of reciprocal unconditional positive regard.

57
Q

What are two characteristics to his description of fully functioning persons?

A
  1. The experience of subjective freedom, the ability to be “Free to live or die, in both the physiological and psychological meaning of those terms.”
  2. The fully functioning person would not conform or try to fit within his or her culture. Rather he or she “would be the type of person from whom creative products and creative living emerge.”
58
Q

Q-Sort Technique

A

Method Rogers used to determine how a client’s self-image changed as a function of therapy.

59
Q

Real Self

A

Assumed that the client can describe himself or herself accurately.

60
Q

Ideal Self

A

Assumed that a person can describe those attributes that he or she would like to possess but currently does not.

61
Q

Why do these procedures help examine several features of the therapeutic process?

A

The therapist can examine the relationship between the person’s real self and his or her ideal self at the beginning, during, and at the end of therapy.

62
Q

What happens if two sets of scores are perfectly correlated in a positive direction?

A

The correlation coefficient is +1.00

63
Q

What happens if two sets of scores are perfectly negative or inverse relationship?

A

The correlation coefficient is -1.00

64
Q

What are high positive correlations?

A

+0.95, +0.89, and +0.75

65
Q

What are high negative correlations?

A

-0.95, -0.89, and -0.75

66
Q

Who was the first to record and film therapy sessions?

A

Carl Rogers.

67
Q

What does recording and filming allow for?

A

Allows the careful analysis of aspects of behaviour such as speech mannerisms and physical gestures as possible indicators of the event to which the client was experiencing stress or anxiety.

68
Q

10 Facts about the learning process

A
  1. Humans have a natural potential for learning.
  2. Learning is best when the student sees relevance in what is being learned.
  3. Some learning may require a change in the learner’s self-structure, and such learning may be resisted.
  4. Learning that necessitates a change in the learner’s self-structure occurs more easily in a situation in which external threats are at a minimum.
  5. When threats to the learner’s self-concept are small, experience can be perceived in great detail, and learning will be optimal.
  6. Much learning takes place by doing.
  7. Learning proceeds best when the student participates responsibly in the learning process.
  8. Self-initiated learning, which involves the whole person, that is, both intellectually and emotionally, is the most long-lasting learning.
  9. Independence and creativity are facilitated when self-criticism and self-evaluation are of primary importance, and evaluation by others is of secondary importance.
  10. The most useful type of learning is the learning to learn that results in a continuing openness to experiences and a tolerance of change.
69
Q

Teacher

A

An unfortunate term as it suggests a person who dispenses information to students.

70
Q

What was Roger’s term for Teacher?

A

Facilitator, as it emphasizes the fact that the person is there to create an atmosphere conductive to learning.

71
Q

A Facilitator of Education

A

Acts on the principles of learning and thereby treats each student as a unique person with feelings of his or her own rather than as an object to be taught something.

72
Q

What is Roger’s view on Modern Marriage?

A

He believes marriage in our culture is trouble because marriages are often based on outdated, simplistic, fallacious, or selfish assumptions.

73
Q

Example of why Marriage is troubled

A

Couples frequently believe that simply being in love or being committed to each other is enough to sustain a marriage.

74
Q

What is a Good Marriage according to Rogers?

A

One that is mutually beneficial to the partners involved.

75
Q

Satellite Relationships

A

Being close relationships with another person outside the marriage.

These partnerships may be sexual or otherwise, but they provide an additional intimate realtionship for an individual.

76
Q

What could cause both pain and enrichment?

A

Satelite Relationships as they bring jealous to the mind.

77
Q

What does Jealous suggest?

A

Possessiveness.

78
Q

How does a Satellite Relationship work?

A

The idea must be acceptable to both marital partners on both intellectual and emotional levels.

79
Q

12 Characteristics Persons of Tomorrow Will Possess

A
  1. An openness to both inner and outer experience.
  2. A rejection of hypocrisy, deceit, and double talk. In other words, a desire for authenticity.
  3. A skepticism toward the kind of science and technology that has as its goal the conquest of nature or the control of people.
  4. A desire for wholeness. For example, equal recognition and expression of the intellect and the emotions.
  5. A wish for shared purpose in life or intimacy.
  6. A tendency to embrace change and risk-taking with enthusiasm.
  7. A gentle, subtle, nonmoralistic, nonjudgmental caring.
  8. A feeling of closeness to, and a caring for, nature.
  9. Antipathy for any highly structured, inflexible, bureaucratic institution. They believe that institutions should exist for the people, not the other way around.
  10. A tendency to follow the authority of their own organismic valuing process.
  11. An indifference toward material comforts and rewards.
  12. A desire to seek a meaning in life that is greater than the individual. Rogers referred to this characteristic as “a yearning for the spiritual.”

PSYC 3300: KEN CRAMER - FINAL (4 decks)

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