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chapter 14 brain & spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 major parts of the brain

A

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

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2
Q

In the 5th week of the embryo what’s the 5 secondary ventricles that give rise to the major parts of the brain

A

TELENCEPHALON, DIENCEPHALON, MESENCEPHALON, METENCEPHALON , MYELENCEPHALON

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3
Q

the brainstem consists of what 3 parts

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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4
Q

what’s the largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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5
Q

The cranium and spinal meninges serve to?

A

surround and protect the brain

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6
Q

What are the three meninges of the brain

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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7
Q

what are the cranial dura maters 2 layers

A

Periosteal layer (external)
Meningeal layer (internal)

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8
Q

are the meningeal layers of the dura mater fused together

A

Dural layers fused together except where they separate to enclose the dural venous sinuses that drain venous blood from the brain & deliver it into the internal jugular veins

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9
Q

3 extensions of the dura mater separate parts of the brain

A

-Falx cerebri
Separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
-Falx cerebelli
Separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
-Tentorium cerebelli
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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10
Q

Blood flows to the brain mainly via 2 arteries?

A

internal carotid & vertebral arteries

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11
Q

The dural venous sinuses drain into what vein?

A

the internal jugular veins to return blood from the head to the heart

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12
Q

Interruption in blood flow 1-2 min impairs?

A

impairs neuronal function

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

In the BBB (blood brain barrier) what do astrocytes do?

A

Astrocytes press against capillaries and secrete chemicals that maintain the tightness of the junction

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15
Q

what substances are allowed across the BBB

A

The BBB Allows some substances to enter and prevents others
Diffusion across lipid layer: lipid-soluble substances (O2 and CO2), certain hormones, alcohol, barbituates, nicotine, caffeine
Facilitated transport (quick): water-soluable molecules, glucose

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16
Q

What’s CS, what’s does it contain in its components, and what’s its functions?

A

CSF - clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water. Contains: small amt of glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, cations, anions and some WBC’s
CSF Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain & spinal cord.
Protects the brain & spinal cord from chemical & physical injuries
Carries small amounts of oxygen, glucose & other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons & neuroglia

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17
Q

What are the 4 CSF-filled cavities within the brain (ventricles) that form & distribute CSF through CNS

A

Lateral ventricles (2) In each hemisphere of the cerebrum
3rd ventricle:
Narrow, slitlike cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus & between the right & left halves of the thalumus
4th ventricle
Lies between the brainstem & cerebellum

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18
Q

What produces the majority of CSF

A

Membrane like choroid plexuses

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19
Q

What are Choroid plexuses?

A

Choroid plexuses - This is a network of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles.

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20
Q

where is the brainstem

A

part of the brain between the diencephalon & the spinal cord

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21
Q

Extending through the brainstem is a ?

A

Reticular formation

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22
Q

What is a Reticular formation

A

reticular formation, a netlike region of interspersed gray and white matter.

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23
Q

what are the 3 structures of the brainstem?

A

3 structures: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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24
Q

what is formed by the large corticospinal tracts that pass from cerebrum to the spinal cord (voluntary movements).

A

Pyramids: bulges/protrusions of white matter on anterior aspect of medulla.

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25
Ducussation of pyramids?
right and left pyramids cross → which explains why each side of the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body
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Medulla Oblongatas several nuclei?
Contains several nuclei (control vital body functions) -Cardiovascular center Regulates HR and force of heartbeat & diameter of blood vessels -Medullary respiratory center Adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing -Also controls reflexes for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing & hiccupping -Vomiting center: causes vomiting Deglutition center: promotes deglutition (swallowing)
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What is an Olive and where is it located?
lateral to each pyramid of the medulla oblongata are oval shaped swelling= Olive
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Within olive, which part of it receives input from cerebral cortex, red nucleus of midbrain & spinal cord, & extends axons to cerebellum to stimulates neuron activity to allow muscle activity as you learn new motor skills?
Inferior olivary nucleus
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Gracile nucleus & cuneate nucleus
Posterior part of medulla Associated with sensation of touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception Gracile fasciculus & cuneate fasciculus: ascending sensory axons from these 2 tracts in posterior columns of the spinal cord, form synapses in these nucleui
30
Medial lemniscus?
Medial lemniscus: bands of white matter that extend through medulla, pons & midbrain, this band axons ascend to the thalamus Contains nuclei that are components of sensory pathways for gustation (taste), audition (hearing), equilibrium (balance)
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Gustatory nucleus?
Pathway from tongue to brain Receives gustatory input from taste buds of tongue
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Cochlear nuclei
Cochlear nuclei Auditory pathway of inner ear to brain Receive auditory input from inner ear
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Vestibular nucleus
-Of medulla & pods are components of the equilibrium pathway from inner ear to brain -Receive sensory information from proprioceptors in vestibular apparatus of inner ear
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5 pairs of cranial nerves associated with nuclei of medulla oblongata?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves (8) Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves(9) Vagus (X) nerves (10) Accessory (XI) nerves (cranial portion) (11) Hypoglossal (XII) nerves (12)
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Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves
sensory function: hearing, equilibrium motor function: adjusts sensitivity of hair cells
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Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves
sensory functions: taste, proprioception, monitors o2 and co2 levels in blood, monitors BP motor functions: swallowing, saliva production
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Vagus (X) nerves
sensory function: taste in pharynx, proprioception, monitors o2 and co2 levels in blood, monitors BP motor function: regulating BP, RR, HR, & digestive functions; swallowing
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Accessory (XI) nerves (cranial portion)
swallowing & speech, proprioception
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Hypoglossal (XII) nerves
swallowing & speech, proprioception
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Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another?
Pons, connects brain to spinal cord
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The pons contains what tracts?
Ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
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Pons regions?
Ventral and dorsal regions
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Dorsal region of pons has?
Ascending and descending tracts along with nuclei of cranial nerves
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Ventral region of pons
forms large synaptic relay station consists of scattered gray centers called PONTINE NUCLEI
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PONTINE NUCLEI
Scattered grey centers, Through these nuclei are white matter tracts that provides a connection between the cortex and the opposite hemisphere of cerebellum. Essential role in coordinating and maximizing efficiency of voluntary motor output throughout body.
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Pontine respiratory group
controls breathing -contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas if you stop breathing (SIDS) this isn't working properly usually pons when not breathing will signal you to breathe
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pons contained nuclei associated with the following 4 pairs of cranial nerves include?
Trigeminal (V) nerves Abducens (VI) nerves Facial (VII) nerves Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves
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Trigeminal (V) nerves
sensory: touch and temperature sensation of face and teeth motor: Chewing Branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandible
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Abducens (VI) nerves
sensory: prioprioception motor: movement of eyeball -innervated extrinsic eyeball muscle
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Facial (VII) nerves
sensory: taste, proprioception motor: facial expression, expression of tears and saliva -innervated swallowing muscles -Innervated muscles of facial expression -cranial nerve 7
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Cerebral aqueduct
passes through the midbrain connecting the third ventricle above with the fourh ventricle below
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Cerebral peduncles:
bundles of axons in anterior part of midbrain.
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Tectum of midbrain?
Tectum: posterior part of midbrain Regulates auditory & visual stimuli reflexes (moves head-buzzing bee etc) contains 4 rounded elevations (superior colliculi (2) ), inferior colliculi (2)
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Superior Colliculi (2) are?
Superior: reflex centers for visual activities. Through neural circuits from retina of eye
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Inferior Colliculi (2) ?
Inferior: auditory pathway
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Substantia nigra release?
release dopamine-subconscious muscle activities. -without it= Parkinson's
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Red nuclei?
rich blood supply & iron containing pigment in neuronal cell bodies. Axons from cerebellum & cerebral cortex form synapses in red nuclei (help control muscular movements)
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Nuclei in midbrain associated with what 2 pairs of cranial nerves?
Nuclei in midbrain assoicated with 2 pairs of cranial nerves: Oculomotor (III) nerves Trochlear (IV) nerve
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Oculomotor (III) nerves
proprioception movement of eyeball & eyelid; accommodation of lens; pupillary constriction. -ciliary ganglion -superior & inferior branch -intrinsic& extrinsic eyeball muscles
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Trochlear (IV) nerve
-innervated extrinsic eyeball muscle -processes brain signals to help move eyes up down and outwards
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
-ascending from the reticular area, to the cerebral cortex -found in medulla, pons, midbrain, spinal cord, and diencephalon relaying info to brain -conscious relay center-when active inactive when asleep-no smell coma: impairment to system, can be mild to severe, no arousment person can't be woken up Descending: muscle tone in skeletal muscles
62
Cerebellum
-Balance -second only to the cerebrum in size -has a highly folded surface that greatly increases the surface area of its outer gray matter cortex, allowing for a greater number of neurons. -contains nearly half of the neurons in the brain. -shape of the cerebellum re- sembles a butterfly.
63
transverse fissure, along with the tentorium cerebelli serve what function?
A deep groove known as the transverse fissure, along with the tentorium cerebelli, which supports the posterior part of the cerebrum, separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
64
Vermis?
The central constricted area of the cerebellum is the vermis (= worm), because of this there's a left and right side created
65
cerebellar hemispheres
the lateral “wings” or lobes of the cerebellum are the cerebellar hemispheres Each hemisphere consists of lobes separated by deep and distinct fissures
66
The anterior lobe and posterior lobe of the cerebellum govern?
The anterior lobe and posterior lobe govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements.
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The flocculonodular lobe
on the inferior surface of the cerebellum (bottom side) contributes to equilibrium and balance
68
cerebellar cortex
The superficial layer of the cerebellum consists of gray matter in a series of slender, parallel folds called folia (= leaves).
69
Arbour Vitae
Deep to the gray matter are tracts of white matter called arbor vitae
70
larger size of brain the?
higher the level of intelligence
71
The pathway CSF follows from internal ventricle to SAS (subarachnoid space) is given in the following sequence
Lateral ventricles (choroid plexus's) Interventcricular foramina third ventricle (choroid plexuses) cerebral quaduct 4th ventricle (choroid plexuses) median aperture and pair of lateral apertures then SAS
72
CSF is gradually reabsorbed back in the blood through what what villi?
Arachnoid Villi
73
Arachnoid granulation
arachnoid villi together
74
Hydrocephalus
failure of CSF to form and drain normally results in a buildup of pressure called hydrocephalus hydrocephalus occurs with congenital abnormalities, head injury, meningitis, and episodes or bleeding in the brain
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3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles
Three paired cerebellar peduncles attach the cerebellum to the brainstem
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Thalamus
-thalamus nuclei serve as relay centers
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Hypothalamus
-below thalamus -relay station for smell reflexes main function -maintain homeostasis: -subconscious control of skeletal muscles.....Think about when were mad our subconscious control (facial expressions) when mad -HR, BP, RR, digestion via medulla -thirst-osmolarity receptors -feeding-glucose receptors -thermoregulation-sweating, shivering, shunting blood -hormone secretion -circadian rhythm -mammary bodies-interpret odors, licking, swallowing
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Epithalamus
-superior & posterior to thalamus -pineal gland-secrete melatonin -habecular nuclei (emotional response to odors).
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Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the “seat of intelligence.” It provides us with the ability to read, write, and speak; to make calculations and compose music; and to remember the past, plan for the future, and imagine things that have never existed before. The cerebrum consists of an outer cerebral cortex, an internal region of cerebral white matter, and gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter.
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Corpus collosum
at the longitudinal tissue (cerebral cortex) the white matter remains connected by a bundle of transverse white fibers -allows right side of brain to talk to left side -heart shaped
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Sulcus & Gyri & fissure
sulcus-shallowing grooves gyri-rolls and folds of itself (cerebral cortex) fissure-deepest, think separation, deep folds/grooves
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Basal Nuclei
subconsious enters of cell bodies initiate and terminate movements in the cerebrum deep in the cortex
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The limbic system
pleasure, pain, memories, EMOTIONS USES EMOTIONS TO REMEMBER THINGS
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BRODMANS AREAS
-UNETHICAL -MAPPED OUT WHERE THINGS LOCATED ON BRAIN SENSORY, MOTOR, & ASSOCIATION AREAS
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Primary somatosensory area
primary sensory areas receive sensory information that has been relayed from peripheral sensory receptors through lower regions of the brain
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Sensory association areas
Sensory association areas often are adjacent to the primary areas. They usually receive input both from the primary areas and from other brain regions. Sensory association areas integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness.
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Primary Motor Area
The primary motor area (area 4) is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. As is true for the primary somatosensory area, a “map” of the entire body is present in the primary motor area: Each region within the area controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles or groups of muscles
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Association areas
-somatosensory -visual -facial recognition -auditory -orbitofrontal cortex -wernickes area-meaning of speech, emotion content, by recognizing spoken words (stroke would effect this) -common integrative area-integrates sensory inputs -prefrontal cortex- detect different odors -premotor cortex-personality, intellect, judgement, mood -premotor area-think us learning to ride a bike "muscle memory" -frontal eye field area controls -scanning movements of eyes
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Brain lateralization
brain is NOT symmetrical left hemi- right handed control spoken and written words numerical & scientific skills reasoning right hemisphere-left handedness, musical artistic awareness, imagination, insight, pattern perception
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Brain waves
electrical signals-detectable signals electroencephalogram certain brain wave forms for certain mental states: alpha waves-calm, awake, with closed eyes beta waves-seen in. sensory input & mental activity theta waves-only in adults in extreme stress, or brain disorders, usually in children Delta waves-in awake infants & sleeping adults if seen in awake adults=brain damage
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EEG can be used to diagnose
brain death (taken 24hrs apart) can confirm brain death CNS diseases seizure disorder (epilepsy)
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Olfactory nerves (1)
Nasal muscosa olfactory foramina od cribifirm plate sensory only
101
Optic nerve (2)
eye (retina through optic foramen) vision sensory only
102
Bells palsy
paralysis of facial nerve (7) can't close eyes and impairment of salivation, etc.
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Bio 235 (4 decks)

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