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Bio 235 > chapter 14 brain & spinal nerves > Flashcards

chapter 14 brain & spinal nerves Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 major parts of the brain

A

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

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2
Q

In the 5th week of the embryo what’s the 5 secondary ventricles that give rise to the major parts of the brain

A

TELENCEPHALON, DIENCEPHALON, MESENCEPHALON, METENCEPHALON , MYELENCEPHALON

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3
Q

the brainstem consists of what 3 parts

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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4
Q

what’s the largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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5
Q

The cranium and spinal meninges serve to?

A

surround and protect the brain

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6
Q

What are the three meninges of the brain

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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7
Q

what are the cranial dura maters 2 layers

A

Periosteal layer (external)
Meningeal layer (internal)

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8
Q

are the meningeal layers of the dura mater fused together

A

Dural layers fused together except where they separate to enclose the dural venous sinuses that drain venous blood from the brain & deliver it into the internal jugular veins

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9
Q

3 extensions of the dura mater separate parts of the brain

A

-Falx cerebri
Separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
-Falx cerebelli
Separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
-Tentorium cerebelli
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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10
Q

Blood flows to the brain mainly via 2 arteries?

A

internal carotid & vertebral arteries

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11
Q

The dural venous sinuses drain into what vein?

A

the internal jugular veins to return blood from the head to the heart

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12
Q

Interruption in blood flow 1-2 min impairs?

A

impairs neuronal function

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

In the BBB (blood brain barrier) what do astrocytes do?

A

Astrocytes press against capillaries and secrete chemicals that maintain the tightness of the junction

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15
Q

what substances are allowed across the BBB

A

The BBB Allows some substances to enter and prevents others
Diffusion across lipid layer: lipid-soluble substances (O2 and CO2), certain hormones, alcohol, barbituates, nicotine, caffeine
Facilitated transport (quick): water-soluable molecules, glucose

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16
Q

What’s CS, what’s does it contain in its components, and what’s its functions?

A

CSF - clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water. Contains: small amt of glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, cations, anions and some WBC’s
CSF Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain & spinal cord.
Protects the brain & spinal cord from chemical & physical injuries
Carries small amounts of oxygen, glucose & other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons & neuroglia

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17
Q

What are the 4 CSF-filled cavities within the brain (ventricles) that form & distribute CSF through CNS

A

Lateral ventricles (2) In each hemisphere of the cerebrum
3rd ventricle:
Narrow, slitlike cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus & between the right & left halves of the thalumus
4th ventricle
Lies between the brainstem & cerebellum

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18
Q

What produces the majority of CSF

A

Membrane like choroid plexuses

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19
Q

What are Choroid plexuses?

A

Choroid plexuses - This is a network of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles.

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20
Q

where is the brainstem

A

part of the brain between the diencephalon & the spinal cord

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21
Q

Extending through the brainstem is a ?

A

Reticular formation

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22
Q

What is a Reticular formation

A

reticular formation, a netlike region of interspersed gray and white matter.

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23
Q

what are the 3 structures of the brainstem?

A

3 structures: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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24
Q

what is formed by the large corticospinal tracts that pass from cerebrum to the spinal cord (voluntary movements).

A

Pyramids: bulges/protrusions of white matter on anterior aspect of medulla.

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25
Q

Ducussation of pyramids?

A

right and left pyramids cross → which explains why each side of the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body

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26
Q

Medulla Oblongatas several nuclei?

A

Contains several nuclei (control vital body functions)
-Cardiovascular center
Regulates HR and force of heartbeat & diameter of blood vessels
-Medullary respiratory center
Adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing
-Also controls reflexes for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing & hiccupping
-Vomiting center: causes vomiting
Deglutition center: promotes deglutition (swallowing)

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27
Q

What is an Olive and where is it located?

A

lateral to each pyramid of the medulla oblongata are oval shaped swelling= Olive

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28
Q

Within olive, which part of it receives input from cerebral cortex, red nucleus of midbrain & spinal cord, & extends axons to cerebellum to stimulates neuron activity to allow muscle activity as you learn new motor skills?

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

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29
Q

Gracile nucleus & cuneate nucleus

A

Posterior part of medulla
Associated with sensation of touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception
Gracile fasciculus & cuneate fasciculus: ascending sensory axons from these 2 tracts in posterior columns of the spinal cord, form synapses in these nucleui

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30
Q

Medial lemniscus?

A

Medial lemniscus: bands of white matter that extend through medulla, pons & midbrain, this band axons ascend to the thalamus

Contains nuclei that are components of sensory pathways for gustation (taste), audition (hearing), equilibrium (balance)

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31
Q

Gustatory nucleus?

A

Pathway from tongue to brain
Receives gustatory input from taste buds of tongue

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32
Q

Cochlear nuclei

A

Cochlear nuclei
Auditory pathway of inner ear to brain
Receive auditory input from inner ear

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33
Q

Vestibular nucleus

A

-Of medulla & pods are components of the equilibrium pathway from inner ear to brain
-Receive sensory information from proprioceptors in vestibular apparatus of inner ear

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34
Q

5 pairs of cranial nerves associated with nuclei of medulla oblongata?

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves (8)
Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves(9)
Vagus (X) nerves (10)
Accessory (XI) nerves (cranial portion) (11)
Hypoglossal (XII) nerves (12)

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35
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

A

sensory function: hearing, equilibrium
motor function: adjusts sensitivity of hair cells

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36
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves

A

sensory functions: taste, proprioception, monitors o2 and co2 levels in blood, monitors BP
motor functions: swallowing, saliva production

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37
Q

Vagus (X) nerves

A

sensory function: taste in pharynx, proprioception, monitors o2 and co2 levels in blood, monitors BP
motor function: regulating BP, RR, HR, & digestive functions; swallowing

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38
Q

Accessory (XI) nerves (cranial portion)

A

swallowing & speech, proprioception

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39
Q

Hypoglossal (XII) nerves

A

swallowing & speech, proprioception

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40
Q

Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another?

A

Pons, connects brain to spinal cord

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41
Q

The pons contains what tracts?

A

Ascending sensory and descending motor tracts

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42
Q

Pons regions?

A

Ventral and dorsal regions

43
Q

Dorsal region of pons has?

A

Ascending and descending tracts along with nuclei of cranial nerves

44
Q

Ventral region of pons

A

forms large synaptic relay station consists of scattered gray centers called PONTINE NUCLEI

45
Q

PONTINE NUCLEI

A

Scattered grey centers,
Through these nuclei are white matter tracts that provides a connection between the cortex and the opposite hemisphere of cerebellum.
Essential role in coordinating and maximizing efficiency of voluntary motor output throughout body.

46
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

controls breathing
-contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas

if you stop breathing (SIDS) this isn’t working properly
usually pons when not breathing will signal you to breathe

47
Q

pons contained nuclei associated with the following 4 pairs of cranial nerves include?

A

Trigeminal (V) nerves
Abducens (VI) nerves
Facial (VII) nerves
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

48
Q

Trigeminal (V) nerves

A

sensory:
touch and temperature sensation of face and teeth
motor:
Chewing
Branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandible

49
Q

Abducens (VI) nerves

A

sensory: prioprioception
motor: movement of eyeball
-innervated extrinsic eyeball muscle

50
Q

Facial (VII) nerves

A

sensory: taste, proprioception
motor: facial expression, expression of tears and saliva
-innervated swallowing muscles
-Innervated muscles of facial expression
-cranial nerve 7

51
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

passes through the midbrain connecting the third ventricle above with the fourh ventricle below

52
Q

Cerebral peduncles:

A

bundles of axons in anterior part of midbrain.

53
Q

Tectum of midbrain?

A

Tectum: posterior part of midbrain

Regulates auditory & visual stimuli reflexes (moves head-buzzing bee etc)

contains 4 rounded elevations (superior colliculi (2) ),
inferior colliculi (2)

54
Q

Superior Colliculi (2) are?

A

Superior: reflex centers for visual activities. Through neural circuits from retina of eye

55
Q

Inferior Colliculi (2) ?

A

Inferior: auditory pathway

56
Q

Substantia nigra release?

A

release dopamine-subconscious muscle activities.

-without it= Parkinson’s

57
Q

Red nuclei?

A

rich blood supply & iron containing pigment in neuronal cell bodies.

Axons from cerebellum & cerebral cortex form synapses in red nuclei (help control muscular movements)

58
Q

Nuclei in midbrain associated with what 2 pairs of cranial nerves?

A

Nuclei in midbrain assoicated with 2 pairs of cranial nerves:
Oculomotor (III) nerves
Trochlear (IV) nerve

59
Q

Oculomotor (III) nerves

A

proprioception
movement of eyeball & eyelid; accommodation of lens; pupillary constriction.
-ciliary ganglion
-superior & inferior branch
-intrinsic& extrinsic eyeball muscles

60
Q

Trochlear (IV) nerve

A

-innervated extrinsic eyeball muscle
-processes brain signals to help move eyes up down and outwards

61
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

-ascending from the reticular area, to the cerebral cortex
-found in medulla, pons, midbrain, spinal cord, and diencephalon
relaying info to brain
-conscious relay center-when active
inactive when asleep-no smell
coma: impairment to system, can be mild to severe, no arousment person can’t be woken up
Descending: muscle tone in skeletal muscles

62
Q

Cerebellum

A

-Balance

-second only to the cerebrum in size

-has a highly folded surface that greatly increases the surface area of its outer gray matter cortex, allowing for a greater number of neurons.

-contains nearly half of the neurons in the brain.

-shape of the cerebellum re- sembles a butterfly.

63
Q

transverse fissure, along with the tentorium cerebelli serve what function?

A

A deep groove known as the transverse fissure, along with the tentorium cerebelli, which supports the posterior part of the cerebrum, separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

64
Q

Vermis?

A

The central constricted area of the cerebellum is the vermis (= worm), because of this there’s a left and right side created

65
Q

cerebellar hemispheres

A

the lateral “wings” or lobes of the cerebellum are the cerebellar hemispheres

Each hemisphere consists of lobes separated by deep and distinct fissures

66
Q

The anterior lobe and posterior lobe of the cerebellum govern?

A

The anterior lobe and posterior lobe govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements.

67
Q

The flocculonodular lobe

A

on the inferior surface of the cerebellum (bottom side) contributes to equilibrium and balance

68
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

The superficial layer of the cerebellum

consists of gray matter in a series of slender, parallel folds called folia (= leaves).

69
Q

Arbour Vitae

A

Deep to the gray matter are tracts of white matter called arbor vitae

70
Q

larger size of brain the?

A

higher the level of intelligence

71
Q

The pathway CSF follows from internal ventricle to SAS (subarachnoid space) is given in the following sequence

A

Lateral ventricles (choroid plexus’s)

Interventcricular foramina

third ventricle (choroid plexuses)

cerebral quaduct

4th ventricle (choroid plexuses)

median aperture and pair of lateral apertures

then SAS

72
Q

CSF is gradually reabsorbed back in the blood through what what villi?

A

Arachnoid Villi

73
Q

Arachnoid granulation

A

arachnoid villi together

74
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

failure of CSF to form and drain normally results in a buildup of pressure called hydrocephalus

hydrocephalus occurs with congenital abnormalities, head injury, meningitis, and episodes or bleeding in the brain

75
Q

3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles

A

Three paired cerebellar peduncles attach the cerebellum to the brainstem

76
Q
A
77
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q

Thalamus

A

-thalamus nuclei serve as relay centers

80
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-below thalamus
-relay station for smell reflexes
main function
-maintain homeostasis:

-subconscious control of skeletal muscles…..Think about when were mad our subconscious control (facial expressions) when mad
-HR, BP, RR, digestion via medulla
-thirst-osmolarity receptors
-feeding-glucose receptors
-thermoregulation-sweating, shivering, shunting blood
-hormone secretion
-circadian rhythm
-mammary bodies-interpret odors, licking, swallowing

81
Q

Epithalamus

A

-superior & posterior to thalamus
-pineal gland-secrete melatonin
-habecular nuclei (emotional response to odors).

82
Q

Cerebrum

A

The cerebrum is the “seat of intelligence.”

It provides us with the ability to read, write, and speak; to make calculations and compose music; and to remember the past, plan for the future, and imagine things that have never existed before.

The cerebrum consists of an outer cerebral cortex, an internal region of cerebral white matter, and gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter.

83
Q

Corpus collosum

A

at the longitudinal tissue (cerebral cortex) the white matter remains connected by a bundle of transverse white fibers

-allows right side of brain to talk to left side

-heart shaped

84
Q

Sulcus & Gyri & fissure

A

sulcus-shallowing grooves

gyri-rolls and folds of itself (cerebral cortex)

fissure-deepest, think separation, deep folds/grooves

85
Q
A
86
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

subconsious enters of cell bodies

initiate and terminate movements

in the cerebrum

deep in the cortex

89
Q

The limbic system

A

pleasure, pain, memories,

EMOTIONS

USES EMOTIONS TO REMEMBER THINGS

90
Q

BRODMANS AREAS

A

-UNETHICAL

-MAPPED OUT WHERE THINGS LOCATED ON BRAIN

SENSORY, MOTOR, & ASSOCIATION AREAS

91
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

primary sensory areas receive sensory information that has been relayed from peripheral sensory receptors through lower regions of the brain

92
Q

Sensory association areas

A

Sensory association areas often are adjacent to the primary areas.

They usually receive input both from the primary areas and from other brain regions.

Sensory association areas integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness.

93
Q
A
94
Q

Primary Motor Area

A

The primary motor area (area 4) is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. As is true for the primary somatosensory area, a “map” of the entire body is present in the primary motor area: Each region within the area controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles or groups of muscles

95
Q
A
96
Q

Association areas

A

-somatosensory
-visual
-facial recognition
-auditory
-orbitofrontal cortex
-wernickes area-meaning of speech, emotion content, by recognizing spoken words (stroke would effect this)
-common integrative area-integrates sensory inputs
-prefrontal cortex- detect different odors
-premotor cortex-personality, intellect, judgement, mood
-premotor area-think us learning to ride a bike “muscle memory”
-frontal eye field area controls -scanning movements of eyes

97
Q

Brain lateralization

A

brain is NOT symmetrical

left hemi- right handed control
spoken and written words
numerical & scientific skills
reasoning

right hemisphere-left handedness, musical artistic awareness, imagination, insight, pattern perception

98
Q

Brain waves

A

electrical signals-detectable signals

electroencephalogram

certain brain wave forms for certain mental states:

alpha waves-calm, awake, with closed eyes

beta waves-seen in. sensory input & mental activity

theta waves-only in adults in extreme stress, or brain disorders, usually in children

Delta waves-in awake infants & sleeping adults
if seen in awake adults=brain damage

99
Q

EEG can be used to diagnose

A

brain death (taken 24hrs apart) can confirm brain death

CNS diseases

seizure disorder (epilepsy)

100
Q

Olfactory nerves (1)

A

Nasal muscosa
olfactory foramina od cribifirm plate

sensory only

101
Q

Optic nerve (2)

A

eye (retina through optic foramen)

vision

sensory only

102
Q

Bells palsy

A

paralysis of facial nerve (7)

can’t close eyes and impairment of salivation, etc.

103
Q
A

Bio 235 (4 decks)

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