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BIO360 - Genetics > Chapter 14 - Bacterial Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Bacterial Gene Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

The level of gene expression can vary under different conditions

A

Gene regulation

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2
Q

Genes that are unregulated

A

Constitutive

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3
Q

What cellular processes are gene regulation important for?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Response to environmental stress
  3. Cell division
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4
Q

Where/when can gene regulation occur?

A

Any of the points on the pathway to gene expression

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5
Q

Where does gene regulation occur during transcription?

A

On the gene

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6
Q

What happens when you regulate gene expression during transcription?

A

Genetic regulatory proteins bind to the DNA and control the rate of transcription

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7
Q

Where does gene regulation occur during translation?

A

mRNA

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8
Q

What happens when you regulate gene expression during translation?

A
  1. Translation repressor proteins can bind to the mRNA and prevent translation from starting
  2. Antisense RNA can bind to the mRNA and prevent translation from starting
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9
Q

Where does gene regulation occur during post-translation

A
  1. Protein
  2. Functional Protein
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10
Q

What happens when you regulate gene expression during post-translation (in a protein)?

A
  1. In feedback inhibition, the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway
  2. Covalent modifications to the structure of a protein can alter its function
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11
Q

Transcriptional regulation involves the actions of what two main types of regulatory proteins?

A

Repressors and Activators

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12
Q

What binds to DNA and inhibits transcription?

A

Repressors

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13
Q

What binds to DNA and increases transcription?

A

Activators

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14
Q

What refers to transcriptional regulation by repressor proteins?

A

Negative Control

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15
Q

What refers to regulation by activator proteins?

A

Positive Control

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16
Q

The presence of a small effector molecule may ___ transcription

A

Increase

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17
Q

What are small effector molecules called?

A

Inducers

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18
Q

What are genes called that can be regulated with Inducers?

A

Inducible

19
Q

In other cases, the presence of a small effector molecule may ___ transcription

A

Inhibit

20
Q

What binds to repressors and cause them to bind to DNA?

A

Corepressors

21
Q

What bind to activators and prevent them from binding to DNA?

A

Inhibitors

22
Q

What type of Inducible Gene?
1. In the absence of the inducer, this repressor protein blocks transcription
2. The presence of the inducer causes conformational change that inhibits the ability of the repressor protein to bind to the DNA
3. Transcription proceeds

A

Repressor Protein, Inducer Molecule, Inducible Gene

23
Q

What type of Inducible Gene?
1. This activator protein cannot bind to the DNA unless an inducer is present
2. When the inducer is bound to the activator protein, this enables the activator protein to bind to the DNA and activates transcription

A

Activator Protein, Inducer Molecule, Inducible Gene

24
Q

What type of Repressible Gene?
1. In the absence of a corepressor, this repressor protein will not bind to the DNA
2. Therefore, transcription can occur
3. When the corepressor is bound to the repressor protein, this causes a conformational change that allows the protein to bind to the DNA and inhibit transcription

A

Repressor Protein, Corepressor Molecule, Repressible Gene

25
Q

What type of Repressible Gene?
1. This activator protein will bind to the DNA without the aid of an effector molecule
2. The presence of an inhibitor causes a conformational change that releases the activator protein from the DNA
3. This inhibits transcription

A

Activator protein, Inhibitor Molecule, Repressible Gene

26
Q

What is a regulatory unit consisting of a few structural genes under the controlled by one promoter?

A

An operon

27
Q

An operon encodes a ___ that contains the coding sequence for tow or more structural genes

A

Polycistronic mRNA

28
Q

What important DNA sequences does an operon contain?

A
  1. Promoter
  2. Terminator
  3. Structural Genes
  4. Operator
29
Q

Who identified the lac operon?

A

Francois Jacob and Jaques Manod

30
Q

What are the two parts of the lac operon?

A
  1. Regulatory Elements (Promoter, Operator, CAP Site)
  2. Structural Genes (lacZ, lacY, lacA)
31
Q

What are the parts of the Regulatory Elements?

A

Promoter, Operator, CAP site

32
Q

What are the parts of the Structural Genes?

A

lacZ, lacY, lacA

33
Q

What binds RNA polymerase?

A

Promoter

34
Q

What binds the lac repressor protein?

A

Operator

35
Q

What binds the Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP)?

A

CAP site

36
Q

What encodes β-galactosidase and enzymatically cleaves lactose?

A

lacZ

37
Q

What encodes lactose permease and requires membrane protein for transport of lactose?

A

lacY

38
Q

What encodes galactoside transacetylase and covalently modifies lactose?

A

lacA

39
Q

What is unique about lacI?

A
  1. It is not considered part of the lac operon?
  2. It has its own promoter (the lacI promoter)
  3. Constitutively expressed at fairly low levels
  4. Encodes the lac repressor
  5. Only a small amount of protein is needed to repress the lac operon
40
Q

How can the lac operon be transcriptionally regulated?

A
  1. By a repressor protein
  2. By an activator protein
41
Q

The binding of which inducer causes conformational change that prevents the lac repressor from binding to the operator site?

A

Allolactose

42
Q

What is the activator protein that can transcriptionally regulate the lac operon?

A

Catabolite Repression

43
Q

What happens when Catabolite Repression is exposed to both lactose and glucose?

A
  1. E. coli uses glucose first, and catabolite repression prevents the use of lactose
  2. When glucose is depleted, catabolite repression is alleviated, and the lac operon is expressed
44
Q

What is the sequential use of two sugars by a bacterium?

A

Diauxic Growth

BIO360 - Genetics (3 decks)

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