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A and P semester 2 > Chapter 14 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Flashcards

1
Q

What type of motor neurons make up the ANS?

A

visceral motor neurons

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the ANS?

A

to make adjustments to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What regulates and coordinates the ANS?

A

the higher brain centers

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4
Q

Compare and contrast the somatic and autonomic motor system.

A

somatic
effector: SKELETAL muscle
control: voluntary
motor pathways: one neuron with cell body inside CNS, no ganglia outside CNS, thick myelinated, fast transmission
neurotransmitters: ACH - always excitatory

AUTONOMIC
effector: smooth muscle or cardiac muscle
control: involuntary
motor pathway: 2 neuron chain. cell body of first neuron inside CNS, cell body of neuron 2 outside CNS in ganglion. Fibers vary in size, myelination, and speed
neurotransmitters: ACh or NE - affect changes based on receptor

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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6
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Craniosacral division

named after its origin (craniosacral)

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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do?

A

controls body under NORMAL conditions by promoting maintenance activities and conserving E

ex after a meal: BP, HR, resp. are low, gastrointestinal activity is high, pupils are constricted, lenses are accommodated for close vision

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8
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Thoracolumbar division

named after its origin (thoracolumbar)

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic division (thoracolumbar division) do?

A
  • mobilizes the body during activity
  • controls body under ABNORMAL conditions
  • promotes fight or flight

ex during exercise: blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart bronchioles dilate, liver releases glucose

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10
Q

How are most organs innervated by the ANS?

A

most organs are innervated by both divisions (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

only a few organs are innervated by one and fine control is enabled because the brain can control both the inhibitory and excitatory stimuli

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11
Q

explain the autonomic motor pathway

A 
CNS preganglionic neuron
 I      lightly myelinated axon
 v
Synapse (ganglion)
 I   post ganglionic neuron, unmyelinated axon
v
effector
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12
Q

describe the nerve pathway of the parasympathetic division.

A

Long preganglionic
Short postganglionic

ganglion is located in or close to effector
no rami communicantes

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13
Q

Describe the nerve pathway of the sympathetic division

A

Short preganglionic
Long postganglionic

chain ganglia near vertebral column
rami communicantes

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14
Q

Describe the neurotransmitters for the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

A

Parasympathetic: all secrete ACh (are cholinergic)

Sympathetic:
all preganglionic are cholinergic (ACh)
most postganglionic are adrenic (secrete NE)

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15
Q

what cranial nerves carry PS fibers

A

III, VII, IX, and X

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16
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies located for nerves III, VII, and IX? Where are their ganglia located?

A

preganglionic: Brain stem nuclei
postganglionic: close to the parts supplied

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17
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies and the ganglia located for cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)?

A

preganglionic: in the medulla
ganglia: in the wall of organs supplied

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18
Q

where is the ganglion located for cranial nerve III (oculomotor)? What does it innervate and what does it control?

A

ganglion located in the eye orbit

innervates the eye muscles and controls accommodation (focus) of the eye

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19
Q

Where is the ganglion located for cranial nerve VII, what does it innervate and what is its effect?

A

ganglion located behind jaw

innervates nasal, lacrimal, and salivary glands
effect: mucous secretion, tears, and salivation

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20
Q

Where is the ganglion located for cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) what does it innervate and what is its effect?

A

ganglion located just below the skull

innervates parotid salivary glands
effect: secretion of saliva

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21
Q

Where do the preganglionic axons of cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) run to and what do these do?

A

they run into plexus in thorax and abdomen

Cardiac plexus -> heart -> cardiac muscle
slows and steadies HR, constricts coronary vessels

Pulmonary plexus -> lungs -> smooth muscle
constricts bronchioles

Aortic plexus:

  • > gall bladder = contraction to release bile
  • > stomach = increase motility and secretion (normal)
  • > pancreas = secretion
  • > small intestine = inc motility and secretion
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22
Q

Describe the sacral component of the parasympathetic division.

A

S2-S4 have cell bodies in sacral spinal cord

pelvic nerves connect to hypogastric plexus

  • > rectum = inc activity and defecation
  • > urinary bladder = constriction of wall, relaxation of urethral sphincter, voiding
  • > reproductive organs = causes erection of penis and clitoris
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23
Q

What does the sympathetic division supply?

A

visceral organs and all superficial visceral structures (sweat glands, hair muscles, smooth muscles of vessels)

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24
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division located?

A

in the lateral horns of spinal cord segments T1-L2

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25
Q

how many paravertebral ganglia are there in the sympathetic system?

A

23 on each side of the spinal cord

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26
Q

Explain how the signal passes from the preganglionic neuron.

A

preganglionic axons -> through the ventral root -> through rami communicantes -> into sympathetic chain ganglion

once it enters the sympathetic chain ganglion, it does one of the following:

  • synapse with a post ganglionic neuron at same level
  • ascend the chain and synapse above or descend and synapse below
  • exit from chain ganglia without synapsing via splenic nerves to collateral ganglia
27
Q

Explain what a collateral ganglion is.

A

it is a ganglion that is located anterior to the spinal cord. It is not paired and occurs only in the abdominal and pelvis

28
Q

from what vertebrae do the sympathetic pathways to the head emerge from?

A

T1-T4

29
Q

describe the pathway of the sympathetic division to the brain.

A

exit from T1-T4 -> up chain -> synapse with superior cervical ganglion -> postganglionic axons

To:
eye = dilate pupils
nasal, lacrimal and salivary glands = inhibits secretion
skin and blood vessels of head = constriction

30
Q

Describe the sympathetic pathway to the thorax

A

Preganglionic fibers emerge between T1-T6 -> synapse in middle and inferior ganglia -> post ganglionic fibers -> enter cervical nerves -> cardiac plexus

To:
heart = inc rate and force
thyroid gland = secretion of thyroxine
skin = constricts vessels

For some:
preganglionic fibers synapse with the nearest chain ganglion -> postganglionic fibers run directly to organ
ex heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus

31
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors in the ANS?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

32
Q

Where are Nicotinic receptors found?

A

in all ANS ganglionic cells

hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla

motor end plates of skeletal muscles

33
Q

What is the effect of ACh on Nicotinic receptors?

A

ACh is always excitatory for Nicotinic receptors

34
Q

Where are Muscarinic receptors found?

A

on all effectors of parasympathetic postganglion neurons

35
Q

What is the effect of ACh on Muscarinic receptors?

A

varying effects

inhibitory in heart muscle
excitatory in smooth muscle of digestive tract (contraction)

36
Q

What are the two types of nerve fibers in the ANS?

A

cholinergic and andrenergic fibers

37
Q

What do cholinerergic fibers do and where are they found?

A

release ACh

includes all ANS preganglionic neurons and all parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons

38
Q

What do adrenergic fibers do? Where are they found?

A

release NE (norepinephrine)

includes most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

EXCEPTIONS: sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscles secrete ACh instead

39
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors and what is the effect of NE or E on them?

A

Alpha receptors: usually stimulated by NE or E

Beta receptors: usually inhibited by NE or E

EXCEPTION: NE binding to beta receptors of heart stimulates heart.

40
Q

What does the effect of NE or E on adrenergic receptors depend on?

A

which subclass of receptor predominates on the target organ

41
Q

What is the effect of Atropine? When is it used?

A

it is an anticholinergic:
BLOCKS muscarinic receptors

inhibits salivation and constriction of pupils during surgery

42
Q

What is the effect of Neostigmine? When is it used?

A

Inhibits AChesterase

used to treat MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (an autoimmune disease that results in weakening of skeletal muscles)

43
Q

What is the effect of over the counter drugs for colds, allergies, and nasal congestion?

A

Stimulate alpha adrenergic receptors

44
Q

What are beta blockers used for?

A

to dilate lung bronchioles for asthma and slow heart action

45
Q

What are the five types of interactions between parasympathatetic and sympathetic divisions?

A 
Dual innervation
Antagonistic interactions
Sympathetic tone
Parasympathetic tone
Cooperation
46
Q

Describe the dual innervation interaction between the parasympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A

It is the most common way that an organ is innervated
- both innervate and both divisions are partially active most of the time

Can switch dominance:

  • under stress, sympathetic dominates
  • under normal, parasympathetic dominates
47
Q

Describe the antagonistic interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A

OPPOSITE effects allow for PRECISE control
- allows for fine tuning

examples:
heart and lungs: S stimulates, PS inhibits
Digestion: S inhibits, PS stimulates

48
Q

Describe what the sympathetic tone interaction is.

A

It refers to degree of contraction (tone) of smooth muscles in blood vessels controlled by sympathetic alone

results in vasomotor tone:

  • under stress, sympathetic increases stimulation constricting further
  • under normal, sympathetic decreases stimulation
49
Q

Describe what the parasympathetic tone interaction is.

A

tone under normal times in the heart and smooth muscle of digestive system and urinary tracts

maintained by parasympathetic division:
dec heart activity, stimulates digestion and urination

can be overridden by sympathetic under stress

50
Q

Describe the cooperation interaction between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

A

both divisions work together to carry out a function.

Ex sex organs
PS: erection of penis or clitoris (vasodilation)
S: ejaculation or reflex contraction of vagina

51
Q

What are the organs/glands that only innervated by sympathetic fibers?

A 
Adrenal medulla
Arrector pili muscles
Sweat glands
Kidneys
Most blood vessels
52
Q

What are the aspects that are controlled by the sympathetic division?

A 
temperature
blood pressure via renin
increases metabolic rate
raises blood glucose
lipolysis for ATP production

increases responsiveness of skeletal muscle

53
Q

How does the sympathetic division increase mental alertness?

A

by stimulating the RA (reticular activation) system

54
Q

Which division of the ANS is localized and short lived. Why?

A

Parasympathetic

fibers do not synapse widely and ACh is quickly destroyed

55
Q

Which division of the ANS is wide and long lasting? Why?

A

Sympathetic

  • fibers synapse with many ganglia
  • NE acts more slowly via 2nd messenger system and is destroyed more slowly
  • Adrenal medulla hormones released into the blood act more slowly, but last longer
56
Q

What part of the brain is the main integrative center for the ANS?

A

the hypothalamus

57
Q

Subconscious input by this system influences hypothalamic control of the ANS.

A

the limbic system

58
Q

Explain the method that can be used to learn voluntary control of the ANS

A

Biofeedback training: use of electrical devices to monitor autonomic body functioning to allow for training and voluntary control

59
Q

What do homeostatic imbalances of the ANS usually involve?

A
  • problems with control of smooth muscle

- primarily with the vascular system

60
Q

Describe what hypertension is.

A

high blood pressure.

can be caused by chronic stress which creates overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction

can lead to heart disease

TREAT: with adrenergic receptor blockers (ex beta blockers)

61
Q

Describe what orthostatic hypotension is.

A

Low blood pressure upon changing positions as a result of dec sensitivity of pressure receptors to change

  • common in aging: receptor sensitivity deteriorates
  • results in slower response by sympathetic vasoconstrictor centers

dizzy when standing

62
Q

What is Raynaud’s disease?

A

also known as “white finger disease”

  • cold temp, vibration, stress resulting in constriction of vessels to fingers and toes
  • in severe cases causes ischemia and possibly gangrene

TREAT: must cut sympathetic preganglionic fibers to the area to prevent vasoconstriction.

63
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia (mass reflex reaction)?

A

damage to spinal cord resulting in uncontrolled somativ and autonomic reflexes

can be life threatening

64
Q

What are some effects of aging on the ANS?

A

orthostatic hypotension
constipation
dry eyes
frequent eye infections

A and P semester 2 (10 decks)

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