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A&P II - Test 1 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

Granulocytes

Most abundant WBC

Performs phagocytosis of foreign particles

Increased numer during acute a bacterial infeciton

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1
Q

Describe the components of plasma?

A

Blood plasma is composed of 2 parts:

  • Water
  • Solutes (plasma proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, electrolytes)
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2
Q

What does Thrombopoietin do?

A

Increase the number of platelet precursors

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2
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

Composed of 4 globular protein chains (globin) and a heme group, centered around an Fe molecule.

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2
Q

What are the 3 main plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
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3
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

A increases in the number of white blood cells

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4
Q

What does Cytokines do?

A

Increase the number of WBC precursors.

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5
Q

What do Lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Agranular lymphocytes (T and B-cells)

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5
Q

What are the 2 primary functions of albumin?

A
  1. Maintenance of osmotic pressure
  2. Transportation of free fatty acids, hormones, and bilirubin
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6
Q

Describe the antigens and antibodies involved in ABO blood type group.

A

Antigens A and B determine blood type.

Plasma contains antibodies designed as anti-a and anti-b that react with antigen that are foreign

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7
Q

What two lines of stem cells does Hemocytoblasts give rise to?

A

Myeloid Stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells

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7
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A

Agranulocytes

Cells live for an extended period of time

Produce antibodies

Increase during viral and bacterial infection.

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8
Q

What do Myleoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, granular leukocytes, and agranular monocytes.

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8
Q

What are Basophilis?

A

Granulocytes

Realse Haprin and Histamine

Can develop into mast cells.

Allergy mediators

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9
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The stoppage of bleeding

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11
Q

What are the three types of cells that comprise formed elements?

A
  1. Erythrocyes (Red Blood Cells)
  2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
  3. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
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11
Q

What would a decreased hematocrit indicate?

A

Anemia: A decrease in number of RBC

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13
Q

What are Neutrophils and their functions?

A

They are Granulocytes

Most abundant WBC

Preform phagocytosis of foreign particles

Increased number during bacterial direction.

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16
Q

Describe the Rh Blood group and the antigens and antibodies involved.

A

Rh antigen are classified as Rh+

Those who lack the antigen are Rh-

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17
Q

What is clotting factor II a?

A

Thrombin

18
Q

List the three functions of blood.

A
  1. Transportation of gases, nurtients,waste, and hormones
  2. Regulation of pH, temp. and water
  3. Protection through clotting, and combating microbes with phagocytes and plasma protein.
20
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway for blood

A
  • Initiated by tissue damage which leads to the release of Tissue thromboplastin (III)
  • Factors involved include VII, X, and V.
  • Leads to the release of Prothrombin activator.
21
Q

What clotting factor is III ?

A

Tissue thromboplastin

22
Q

Describe the process of erythropoiesis.

A

Low O2 causes the kidneys and live to release erythrpoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream where it travels to red bone marrow and stimulates production of RBC that carry O2 to tissues.

23
Q

What is a reticulocyte count?

A

A test used to indicate the rate of erythropoiesis (normal range 0.5 - 1.5%)

Abnormally high reticulocyte count suggests anemia.

24
Q

What is fibrin?

A

The insoluble protein that leads to the actual clot.

25
Q

Describe the breakdown of RBC and hemoglobin.

A

(Page 529)

25
Q

What are the functions of platlets?

A

To function to stop blood loss from damaged vessels by

forming a platelet plug.

26
Q

What would a increaed hematocrit indicate?

A

Polycythemia: a increase in RBC, seen in atheletes that are blood doping.

27
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A
  • Thrombosis – clotting in an unbroken blood vessel.
28
Q

Describe Hemophilia

A

Deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after only minor trauma.

Primarily due to lack of clotting factors.

30
Q

Describe hematocrit

A

It is the percentage of total blood volume occupid by erythrocytes (RBC) in a sample.

Determind by centrifuging (spining) a sample to create three areas.

32
Q

What is the composition of hemoglobin?

A

4 globular protein chains and a heme group, centered around a Fe (Iron) molecule

34
Q

What are the two primary components of blood.

A
  1. Plasma (55%)
  2. Formed elements (45%)
35
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway for blood

A
  • Initiated by blood contacting a foreign substance which activates the Hageman Factor (XII).
  • Involves factors XI, IX, VIII, X, and V.
  • Leads to the release of Prothrombin activator.
36
Q

Define pluripotent.

A

Capable of differentiating into one of many cells.

37
Q

Describe the sickle cell disease.

A

Inherited disorder due to an abnormal kind of hemoglobim.

RBc are sickle shape, rupture easily, reduce oxygen capacity.

38
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

Granulocyte

Kills parasites and responsible for allergic reaction regulations.

Increases during a parasite infection and realeses histamine.

39
Q

List and define the 3 subunits of globulin?

A
  1. Alpha and Beta Globulin - Involved with the transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
  2. Gamma Globulin - Is an antibody (white blood cell)
40
Q

Define oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin?

A

Oxygemoglobin is when hemoglobin is bound to oxygen

Carbaminohemoglobin is when hemoglobin is bound to carbon dioxide.

41
Q

What is clotting factor II ?

A

Prothrombin

42
Q

What is clotting factor XII ?

A

Hageman Factor

43
Q

What is hemocytoblast?

A

Hemocytoblast is a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.

44
Q

What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

Increases the number of RBC precursors.

45
Q

Define cyanosis.

A

Cyanosis is blue or purple coloring appearing on the skin due to a low level of oxygen.

46
Q

What is Leukopenia?

A

Abnormally low number of white blood cells.

47
Q

Describe the breakdown of Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin.

A

Damaged RBCs are destroyed via phagocytosis, and the hemoglobin molecule is recycled.

Globin chains are broken apart and reused.

Heme is broke down into Fe and biliverdin which is further broken itnto bilirubin.

48
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Agranulocytes

Perfom phagocytosis

Releaed during prolonged bacterial infection

A&P II - Test 1 (2 decks)

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