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Microbiology Exam #3 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens:

A

Disease-causing microorganisms

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2
Q

Pathogenic microorganisms have special properties that allow them to invade the human body or produce toxins:

A

what are these??

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3
Q

When does a state of disease occur? m

A

When a microorganism overcomes the body’s defenses

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4
Q

Pathology:

A

The scientific study of disease

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5
Q

Pathology is concerned with:

A
  • etiology (cause)
  • pathogenesis (development)
  • effects of disease
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6
Q

What is infection:

A

Invasion and growth of pathogens in the body

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7
Q

What is a host:

A

An organism that shelters and supports the growth of pathogens

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8
Q

What is disease:

A

-an abnormal state in which parts or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions

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9
Q

Human Microbiome: microorganisms begin colonization in and on the surface of the body soon after birth

A

True

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10
Q

Human Microbiome: microorganisms that establish permanent colonies inside or on the body without producing disease make up the

A

normal microbiota

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11
Q

What is microbial antagonism:

A

the normal microbiata can prevent pathogens from causing an infection; this phenomenon is known as microbial antagonism

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12
Q

Relationships between the normal microbiata and the host: What is microbial antagonism:

A

the normal microbiata can prevent pathogens from causing an infection; this phenomenon is known as microbial antagonism

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13
Q

Relationships between the normal microbioata and the host: Normal microbioata and the host exist in symbiosis

A

living together

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14
Q

Relationships between the normal microbiata and the host:

A

the three types of symbiosis are:

  • commensalism (one organism benefits and the other is unaffected)
  • mutualism (both organisms benefit)
  • parasitism (one organism benefits, one is harmed)
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15
Q

Opportunistic Microorganisms: Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Don’t cause disease under normal conditions; but do cause disease under special conditions

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16
Q

The Etiology of Infectious Diseases: Koch’s Postulates

A

-Koch’s postulates are criteria for establishing that specific microbes cause specific diseases

1) the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2) the pathogen must be isolated in pure culture
3) the pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
4) the pathogen must be re-isolated from the inoculated laboratory animal

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17
Q

The Etiology of Infectious Diseases: Koch’s Posulates

A
  • Koch’s postulates are modified to establish etiologies of diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria, that cannot be grown on artificial media
  • Some diseases, such as tetanus, have unequivocal signs and symptoms
  • Some diseases, such as pneumonia and nephritis, may be caused by a variety of microorganisms
  • Some pathogens, such as S. Pyogenes, cause several different diseases
  • Certain pathogens, such as HIV, cause disease in humans only
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18
Q

symptoms:

A

subjective changes in body function

19
Q

signs:

A

measurable changes

20
Q

A specific group of symptoms (subjects changes in body function) and signs (measurable changes), that always accompany a specific disease

A

called a syndrome

21
Q

a contagious disease is a very communicable disease

A

capable of spreading easily and rapidly from one host to the next

22
Q

Occurrence of a Disease:

A

Incidence: The fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a particular period of time

Prevalence: The fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Look into this more

23
Q

Occurence of a Disease:

  • sporadic
  • endemic
  • epidemic
  • pandemic
A

sporadic:
endemic:
epidemic:

pandemic:

24
Q

Occurence of a Disease:

  • sporadic
  • endemic
  • epidemic
  • pandemic
A

sporadic: a disease that occurs occasionally in a population
endemic: a disease that is constantly present in a certain population
epidemic: a disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
pandemic: an epidemic that occurs worldwide

25
Q

The scope of a disease can be defined as:

A
  • acute: a disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time
  • chronic:
  • subacute: A disease with symptoms that are intermediate between acute and chronic
  • latent: A disease characterized by a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive
26
Q

Herd immunity:

A

presence of immunity to a disease in most of the population

27
Q

Extent of host involvement:

  • local
  • systemic infection
A

local: affects a small area of the body

systemic infection: spread throughout the body via the circulatory system

28
Q

Extent of host involvement:

A
  • primary infection: an acute infection that causes the initial illness
  • secondary infection: can occur after the host is weakened from a primary infection
  • a subclinical, or inapparent, infection does not cause any signs or symptoms of disease in the host
29
Q

Patterns of Disease:

-predisposing factors:

A
  • a predisposing factor is one that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease
  • examples include: gender, climate, age, fatigue, inadequate nutrition
30
Q

Development of Disease:

A
  • incubation period: interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of signs and symptoms
  • the prodromal period is characterized by the appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms
  • period of illness: the disease is at its height and all disease signs and symptoms are apparent
  • during the period of decline, the signs and symptons subside
  • during the period of convalescnece, the body returns to its prediseased state and health is restored
31
Q

Development of Disease:

A
  • incubation period: interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of signs and symptoms
  • the prodromal period is characterized by the appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms
  • period of illness: the disease is at its height and all disease signs and symptoms are apparent
  • during the period of decline, the signs and symptons subside
  • during the period of convalescnece, the body returns to its prediseased state and health is restored

Infectious diseases can be contagious during all five of the periods of disease.

32
Q

The Spread of Infection:

A
  • a continual source of infection is called a reservoir of infection
  • people who have a disease or are carriers of pathogenic microorganisms are human reservoirs of infection
  • zoonoses are diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans
  • some pathogenic microorganisms grow in nonliving reservoirs, such as soil and water
33
Q

Transmission of Disease:

A

-direct contact: close physical contact between the source of the disease and a susceptible host…congenital transmission occurs from mother to fetus

34
Q

Transmission of Disease:

A

transmission by fomites (inanimate objects) constitutes indirect contact

35
Q

transmission by a medium such as air, water, or food is called

A

vehicle transmission

36
Q

Healthcare-Associated Infections:

A
  • healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) include those acquired in settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, surgical centers, and health care clinics
  • about 4% of patient acquire HAIs in the treatment environment
37
Q

Microorganisms in the Hospital:

A
  • certain normal microbiata are often responsible for HAIs when they are introduced into the body through such medical procedures such as surgery and catherization
  • opportunistic bacteria are the most frequent causes of HAIs
38
Q

Microorganisms in the Hospital:

A
  • certain normal microbiata are often responsible for HAIs when they are introduced into the body through such medical procedures such as surgery and catherization
  • opportunistic bacteria are the most frequent causes of HAIs

compromised hosts: patients with burns, surgical wounds, and suppressed immune systems are the most susceptible to HAIs

39
Q

Chain of Transmission:

A
  • HAIs are transmitted by direct contact between staff members and patients and between patients
  • formities such as catheters, syringes, and respiratory devices can transmit HAIs
40
Q

Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections:

A
  • aseptic techniques can prevent HAIs
  • hospital infection control staff members are responsible for overseeing the proper cleaning, storage, and handling of equipment and supplies
41
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases:

A
  • new diseases and diseases with increasing incidence are called emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
  • EIDs can result from the use of antibiotics and pesticides, climatic changes, travel, the lack of vaccinations, and improved case reporting
  • The CDC, NIH, and WHO are responsible for surveillance and responses to emerging infectious diseases
42
Q

What is the science of the epidemiology:

A

the study of the transmission, incidence, and frequency of disease

43
Q

Modern epidemiology began in the mid-1800s with the works of Snow, Semmelweis, and Nightingale

A

Snow: Cholera and wells

Semmelweis: ??

Nightingale:??

44
Q

The CDC publishes the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

A

to provide information on morbidity (incidence) and mortality (deaths)

Microbiology Exam #3 (6 decks)

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