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Lymphatic System > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Fluid balance
Lipid absorption
Defense

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3
Q

About 30 liters (L) of fluid pass from the blood capillaries into the interstitial space each day, whereas only 27 L pass from the interstitial spaces back into the blood. If the extra 3 L of interstitial fluid remained in the interstitial spaces, ___ would result, causing tissue damage and death. Instead, 3 L of fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries. Once inside the lymphatic capillaries, this fluid is called ___ and it passes through the lymphatic vessels.

A

Fluid balance - edema, lymph

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4
Q

Lymph contains solutes derived from 2 sources

A
  1. Substances in plasma - ions, nutrients, gases, and some proteins, pass from blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces, and then into lymphatic capillaries to become part of the lymph
  2. Substances such as hormones, enzymes, and waste products derived from cells within tissues, are also part of the lymph
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5
Q

The lymphatic vessels absorbs lipids and other substances from the digestive tract through lymphatic vessels called ___ located in the lining of the small intestine. Lipids enter the ___ (same) and pass through the lymphatic vessels to the venous circulation. The lymph passing through these lymphatic vessels appears white because of its lipid content and is called ___.

A

Lipid absorption - lacteal, chyle

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6
Q

Pathogens, such as microorganisms and other foreign substances, are filtered from lymph by ___ and from blood by the ___. In addition, ___ and other cells are capable of destroying pathogens.

A

Defense - lymph nodes, spleen, lymphocytes

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7
Q

The lymphatic system includes ___. (7)

A

Lymph, lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus

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8
Q

T/F: The lymphatic system carries fluid in one direction, from tissues to the circulatory system.

A

T

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9
Q

Tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium that are more permeable than blood capillaries because they lack a basement membrane and fluid moves easily into them

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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10
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries NOT FOUND?

A

Central nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues lacking blood vessels such as epidermis and cartilage

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11
Q

A ___ of lymphatic capillaries collects excess interstitial fluids from the dermis and subcutaneous tissue and a ___ collects excess fluid from muscle, the viscera, and other deep structures.

A

Superficial, deep

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12
Q

Three factors cause compression of lymphatic vessels

A
  1. Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle during activity
  2. Periodic contraction of smooth muscle in lymphatic vessel wall
  3. Pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest form the ___ which empties into the ___.

A

Right lymphatic duct, right subclavian vein

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14
Q

Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body enter the ___ which empties into the ___.

A

Thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

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15
Q

What are the lymphatic organs? (4)

A

Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

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16
Q

It is characterized by housing many lymphocytes and other defense cells such as macrophages.

A

Lymphatic tissue

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17
Q

The lymphocytes originate from ___ and are carried to the blood by ___.

A

Red bone marrow, lymphatic organs

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18
Q

Three groups of tonsils

A

Palayine, pharyngeal, lingual

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19
Q

Located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity; these are the ones usually referred to as the tonsils.

A

Palatine tonsils

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20
Q

Located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity.

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

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21
Q

When a pharyngeal tonsil is enlarged, it is commonly called the ___.

A

Adenoid

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22
Q

Located on the posterior surface of the tongue

A

Lingual tonsil

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23
Q

Removal of pharyngeal tonsils

A

Adenoidectomy

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24
Q

Removal of palatine tonsils

A

Tonsillectomy

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25
Q

Rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond; distributes along the various lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph nodes

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26
Q

Classification of lymph nodes

A

Superficial, deep

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27
Q

Three superficial aggregations of lymph nodes on each side of the body

A
  1. Inguinal nodes in the groin
  2. Axillary nodes in the axilla
  3. Cervical nodes in the neck
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28
Q

A dense connecive tissue that surrounds each lymph node

A

Capsule

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29
Q

Extensions of the capsule that subdivide into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses

A

Trabeculae

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30
Q

The lymphatic tissue consists of lymphocytes and other cells that can form dense aggregations of tissue called ___.

A

Lymphatic nodules

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31
Q

Areas of tissue within lymph nodes and other organs

A

Lymphatic nodules

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32
Q

Spaces between the lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages on a network of fibers

A

Lymphatic sinuses

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33
Q

Lymph enters the lymph node through ___ and exits through ___.

A

Afferent vessels, efferent vessels

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34
Q

As lymph moves through lymph nodes, two functions are performed.

A
  1. Activate immune system

2. Remove pathogens

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35
Q

Lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes

A

Germinal centers

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36
Q

Roughly the size of clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity

A

Spleen

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37
Q

Trabeculae from the capsule divide the spleen into small, interconnected compartments containing two specialized types of lymphatic tissue

A

White pulp, red pulp

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38
Q

Lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen

A

White pulp

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39
Q

Lymphatic tissue associated with veins; consists of a fibrous network filled with macrophages and red blood cells, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins

A

Red pulp

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40
Q

The spleen filters ___ instead of lymph.

A

Blood

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41
Q

The spleen also functions as blood ___, holding a small volume of blood.

A

Reservoir

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42
Q

Cracks in the spleen are repaired using ___ and ___.

A

Sutures, blood-clotting agents

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43
Q

Removal of the spleen

A

Splenectomy

44
Q

Bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape, located in the superior mediastinum.

A

Thymus

45
Q

Trabeculae from the capsule divide the thymus into ___.

A

Lobules

46
Q

Spleen: Near the capsule and trabeculae, lymphocytes are numerous and from dark-staining areas called ___.

A

Cortex

47
Q

Spleen: A lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules called ___ has fewer lymphocytes.

A

Medulla

48
Q

Site for T-cell maturation

A

Thymus

49
Q

Filter lymph

A

Lymph nodes

50
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells

51
Q

Originate and mature in red bone marrow

A

B cells

52
Q

Ability to resist damage from pathogens

A

Immunity

53
Q

Two systems of immunity

A

Innate/nonspecific resistance, adaptive/specific immunity

54
Q

Characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

Specificity, memory

55
Q

Ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with a particular substance

A

Memory

56
Q

Mechanisms of innate immunity (4)

A

Physical barriers, chemical mediators, white blood cells, and inflammatory response

57
Q

Physical barriers prevent pathogens and chemicals from entering the body through ___. (2)

A

(1) skin and mucous membranes that form barriers that prevent their entry; (2) tears, saliva, and urine that wash these substances off the body

58
Q

Molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity. E.g., lysozyme, mucus, histamine, complement, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interferons

A

Chemical mediators

59
Q

Group of more than 20 proteins found in plasma

A

Complement

60
Q

Proteins that protect the body against viral infections

A

Interferons

61
Q

Most important cellular components of immunity; produced in red bone marrow

A

WBC

62
Q

Ingestion and destruction of particles by phagocytes

A

Phagocytosis

63
Q

Movement of white blood cells towards chemicals

A

Chemotaxis

64
Q

Most important phagocytes

A

Neutrophils, macrophages

65
Q

Small phagocytic WBCs that are usually the first to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers

A

Neutrophils

66
Q

Accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at the site of infection

A

Pus

67
Q

Monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissue, and enlarge about fivefold

A

Macrophages

68
Q

Monocytes and macrophages form the ___ because they are phagocytes with a single, unlobed nucleus.

A

Mononuclear phagocytic system

69
Q

Macrophages in lungs

A

Dust cells

70
Q

Macrophages in liver

A

Kupffer cells

71
Q

Macrophages in the central nervous system

A

Microglia

72
Q

Derived from red bone marrow; motile WBCs that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues.

A

Basophils

73
Q

Derived from red bone marrow; nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near capillaries.

A

Mast cells

74
Q

When activated, these cells release histamine and leukotrienes that produce an inflammatory response or activate other mechanisms.

A

Basophils and mast cells

75
Q

Participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma

A

Eosinophils

76
Q

Type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow; account for up to 15% of lymphocytes; recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells in general rather than specific tumor cells or cells infected by a specific virus; do not exhibit memory response - classified as part of innate immunity

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

77
Q

Involves many of the chemicals and cells; most are very similar although some details vary depending on the intensity of the response and the type of injury

A

Inflammatory response

78
Q

Effects of histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complement, and kinins

A
  1. Vasodilation increases blood flow and brings phagocytes and other WBCs to the area
  2. Phagocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue
  3. Increased vascular permeability allows fibrinogen and complement to enter the tissue from the blood
79
Q

Further enhances the inflammatory response and attracts additional phagocytes

A

Complement

80
Q

Inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body; symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

A

Local inflammation

81
Q

Inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body

A

Systemic inflammation

82
Q

Substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses

A

Antigens

83
Q

Two groups of antigens

A

Foreign antigens, self-antigens

84
Q

Introduced from outside the body; e.g., bacteria, viruses, chemicals; allergic reactions - pollen, animal hairs, foods, drugs

A

Foreign antigen

85
Q

Molecules that the body produces to stimulate an immune system response

A

Self-antigen

86
Q

Results when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue

A

Autoimmune disease

87
Q

Divisions of adaptive immunity

A

Antibody-mediated immunity, cell-mediated immunity

88
Q

Involves B cells and produces proteins called antibodies

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

89
Q

Involves the actions of T cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity

90
Q

Produce the effects of cell-mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T cells

91
Q

Promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immuity and cell-mediated immunity

A

Helper T cells

92
Q

Capable of giving rise to all the blood cells

A

Stem cells

93
Q

Small groups of identical B cells or T cells

A

Clones

94
Q

For the adaptive immune response to be effective, two events must occur

A
  1. Antigen recognition of lymphocytes

2. Proliferation of lymphocytes recognizing the antigen

95
Q

Lymphocytes have cell membrane proteins on their surfaces called ___.

A

Antigen receptors

96
Q

Antigen receptors on B cells

A

B-cell receptors

97
Q

Antigen receptors on T-cells

A

T-cell receptors

98
Q

Glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens

A

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

99
Q

Found on the membrane of most nucleated cells

A

MHC Class I

100
Q

Found on the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, B lymphocytes, and other defense cells.

A

MHC Class II

101
Q

The ___ function as serving trays that hold and present a processed antigen on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

A

MHC molecules

102
Q

Costimulation can be achieved by ___ which are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of neighboring cells.

A

Cytokines

103
Q

Helper T cells have a glycoprotein called ___.

A

CD4

104
Q

An important process that generates the needed defense cells to protect the body.

A

Lymphocyte proliferation

105
Q

Binds to receptors and stimulates the helper T cells to divide

A

Interleukin-2

106
Q

Responsible for secondary response or memory response

A

Memory B cells

Lymphatic System (1 decks)

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