Chapter 14

Question 0

Two divisions of circulatory system

Answer 0

1. Blood vascular system
   - heart, vessels, blood
2. Lymphatic
   - lymph organs, vessels lymph

Question 1

Function of Circulatory System

Answer 1

Transport: gases, nutrients, ions, waste etc
Homeostasis: maintain blood volume and pressure
Temperature regulation

Question 2

Circulation in the gills

Answer 2

Afferent arterioles ->capillaries->efferent arterioles

Question 3

Portal system general structure

Answer 3

Two capillary bed connected by a vein, no arterial blood

Question 4

Systemic circulation

Answer 4

Ventricle-> aorta->arteries ->arterioles->capillary->venules->veins ->heart

Question 5

3 types of portal systems

Answer 5

Hepatic portal vine
Intestine –> liver

Renal portal system
Tail –> renal

Hypothalamo-Hypophysial portal
Hypothalamus –>anterior pituitary

Question 6

Rete Mirable

Answer 6

Two arterioles connected by capillaries

Ex: kidney glomerulus, swim bladder

Question 7

Development of blood vessels

Answer 7

From mesenchyme–> blood islands of yolk

Question 8

Three layers of arteries and arterioles

Answer 8

Tunica interna
Inner elastic and endothelium

Tunica media
Circular smooth muscle

Tunica externa
Loose fibrous CT

Question 9

Primitive heart of amphioxious

Answer 9

Pulsating vessel (homologous to vertebrae heart), partitions in fishes

From lateral plate mesoderm

Question 10

Embryology: heart is from

Answer 10

Lateral plate mesoderm

Question 11

Three layers of the heart:

Answer 11

Outer epicardium: visceral pericardium
Myocardium: cardiac muscle
Inner endocardium: fibrous CT + simple squamous epithelium

Question 12

Heart phylogeny: hagfish

Answer 12

Deoxygenated blood to gills

Question 13

Heart phylogeny

Answer 13

S shaped heart

Question 14

Flow thru chambers in series (shark)

Answer 14

• Common Cardinal vines (ducts of Cuvier)
• Sinus venous
• Atrium via sinoatrial valves to
• Ventricle thru atrioventricular valves
• Conus arteriosus: semilunar valves prevent back flow
• Central aorta to gills

Question 15

In teleost steady flow is maintained by

Answer 15

Bulbous arteriosus, which is part of ventral aorta

Question 16

CO=

Answer 16

HR x SV

Question 17

Amphibians develop

Answer 17

Pulmonary circulation, oxygenated blood to lungs.

And oxy and deoxy blood is mixed in heart

Question 18

Amphibians have a __ chambered heart

Answer 18

3 chambered heart (2 atria and 1 ventricle) and interstitial chamber forms, with partial partition of ventricle

Question 19

What organ prevents mixing in the heart

Answer 19

Spiral valve

Question 20

In amphibians, what is attached to the right atrium

Answer 20

Sinus venosus and pulmonary veins to left of atrium

Question 21

What special vein do frogs have

Answer 21

Pulmonocutaneous vein

Question 22

Amphibian pulmonary circulation pathway

Answer 22

Sinus venosus to right atrium (deoxy) to
Pulmonary veins to left atrium (oxygenated)
Conus arteriosus has spiral valve

Question 23

In amphibians most deoxy blood goes to

Answer 23

5th aortic arch (gills)

6th aortic arch (lungs)

Question 24

In amphibians most oxygenated blood goes to

Answer 24

3rd aortic arch (carotid artery)

4th aortic arch (aorta, systemic)

Question 25

Dipnoans (lungfish)

Answer 25

Atria partly divided
More advanced than teleosts
Pulmonary vessels exists

Question 26

Reptile General structure of heart

Answer 26

3 chambers, better partitions of ventricle
Plus
Conus arteriosus and ventral aorta is partitioned in three parts: flow to two left and right aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 27

In reptiles what is located between the two ventricles and what is the function

Answer 27

Cavum venosum

-it reduces mixing of oxy and deoxy blood

Question 28

What is special about the croc heart?

Answer 28

It has 4 chambers and has a complete interventricular septum