Chapter 14

Question 1

The ability to stop responding when the stimulus is present.

Answer 1

adaptation

Question 2

One of the 3 major evolutionary lineages (domains of living organisms.

Answer 2

archaea

Question 3

A process to transfer genes from one bacterial strain to another, using laboratory procedures to weaken cell walls and make membranes permeable to DNA.

Answer 3

artificial transformation

Question 4

Bacterial movement up and down gradients of chemical attractants or repellents.

Answer 4

bacterial chemotaxis

Question 5

Essential component of a bacterial genome; usually a single circular molecule of double-helical DNA.

Answer 5

bacterial chromosome

Question 6

Bacterial movement resulting from the addition of an attractant or repellant. The time spend in a straight run is longer immediately after the addition, so the movement over time is biased toward or away from the chemical gradient, though each direction change continues to be random.

Answer 6

biased random walk

Question 7

Inheritance of organelles from both parents. Occurs in single-celled yeast and some plants.

Answer 7

biparental inheritance

Question 8

Description of state of cells able to take up DNA from the medium.

Answer 8

competent

Question 9

One of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another; in this case, the donor carries a special type of plasmid that allows it to transfer DNA directly when it comes in contact with the recipient. The recipient is known as an exconjugant.

Answer 9

conjugation

Question 10

Simultaneous transformation of two or more genes.

Answer 10

cotransformation

Question 11

In gene transfer in bacteria, the cell that provides the genetic material.

Answer 11

donor

Question 12

Proposes that chloroplast and mitochondria originated when free-living bacteria were engulfed by primitive nucleated cells. Host- and guest- formed cellular communities in with each member adapted to the group arrangement and derived benefit.

Answer 12

endosymbiont theory

Question 13

Plasmids, like the F plasmid, that can integrate into the host genome.

Answer 13

episomes

Question 14

One of the 3 major evolutionary lineages of living organisms known as domains; organisms whose cells have a membrane bound nucleus

Answer 14

eukaryotes

Question 15

Recipient cells resulting from gene transfer in which donor cells carrying specialized plasmids establish contact with and transfer DNA to the recipients.

Answer 15

exconjugants

Question 16

A conjugative plasmid that carries many genes required for the transfer of DNA. Cells carrying F plasmid are called F1 cells. Cells without the plasmid are called F2 cells.

Answer 16

F plasmid

Question 17

A type of transduction (gene transfer mediated by bacteriophages) that can result in the transfer of any bacterial gene between related strains of bacteria.

Answer 17

generalized transduction

Question 18

An examination of each individual in a population for its phenotype.

Answer 18

genetic screen

Question 19

genomic makeup of a cell’s organelles characterized by a mixture of organelle genomes.

Answer 19

heteroplasmic

Question 20

genomic makeup of a cell’s organelles characterized by a single type of organelle DNA.

Answer 20

homoplasmic

Question 21

Small transposable elements that dot the chromosomes of many types of bacteria; they are transposons that do not contain selectable markers.

Answer 21

insertion sequences (ISs)

Question 22

The introduction and incorporation of DNA from an unrelated individual or from a different species.

Answer 22

lateral gene transfer

Question 23

Population of phage particles released from the host bacteria at the end of the lytic cycle.

Answer 23

lysate

Question 24

Occurs when bacteriophage integrate their DNA into the host genome such that it multiplies along with that genome, but does little harm to the host.

Answer 24

lysogenic cycle

Question 25

Bacterial cycle of phage-iinfected cells resulting in cell lysis and release of progeny phage.

Answer 25

lytic cycle

Question 26

Partial diploids in which there are two copies of some genes.

Answer 26

merodiploids

Question 27

A process by which a few species of bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another by spontaneously accepting DNA from their surroundings.

Answer 27

natural transformation

Question 28

A folded bacterial chromosome.

Answer 28

nucleoid body

Question 29

Pattern of inheritance that doesn’t follow Mendel’s laws and doesn’t produce Mendelian ratios among the progeny of various crosses.

Answer 29

non-Mendelian inheritance

Question 30

DNA sequences with long stretches of codons in the same reading frame uninterrupted by stop codons; suggest the presence of genes.

Answer 30

open reading frame (ORFs)

Question 31

segments of DNA in disease-causing bacteria that encode several genes involved in pathogenesis. Pathogenicity islands appear to have been transferred into the bacteria by lateral gene transfer from a different species.

Answer 31

pathogenicity islands

Question 32

Small circles of dsDNA that can replicate in material cells independently of the bacterial chromosome; commonly used as cloning vectors.

Answer 32

plasmids

Question 33

One of the 3 major evolutionary lineages of living organisms known as domains; characterized by the lack of a nuclear membrane.

Answer 33

prokaryotes

Question 34

The integrate phage genome

Answer 34

prophage

Question 35

Description of movement of bacteria to achieve chemotaxis reflecting non predictable changes in the direction of movement.

Answer 35

random walk

Question 36

During gene transfer in bacteria, the cell that receives the genetic material.

Answer 36

Recipient

Question 37

Specific alteration of the genetic sequence carries within an RNA molecule after transcription is complete.

Answer 37

RNA editing

Question 38

A process that establishes conditions in which only the desired mutant will grow.

Answer 38

selection

Question 39

Form of molecular communication in which the binding of proteins to receptors on cell surfaces constitutes a signal that is converted through a series of intermediate steps to final intracellular regulatory response.

Answer 39

signal transduction pathway

Question 40

Bacteriophage carrying mainly phage DNA but also one or a few of the bacterial genes that lie near the site of prophage insertion. They can transfer those genes to another bacterium in the process known as specialized transduction.

Answer 40

specialized transducing phages

Question 41

Bacteriophage-mediated transfer of a few bacterial genes located next to the bacteriophage DNA in the bacterial chromosome.

Answer 41

specialized transduction

Question 42

After infecting the host, these phages can enter either the lytic cycle or the alternative lysogenic cycle, during which their DNA integrates into the host genome.

Answer 42

temperate bacteriophages

Question 43

Cells resulting form gene transfer mediated by bacteriophages.

Answer 43

transductants

Question 44

One of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another; donor DNA is packaged within the protein coat of a bacteriophage and transferred to the recipient when the page particle infects it. Recipient cells are known as transductants.

Answer 44

transduction

Question 45

Cells that have received naked donor DNA.

Answer 45

transformants

Question 46

One of the mechanisms by which bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another; occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from the medium by the recipient. The recipient cell is known as a transformant.

Answer 46

transformation

Question 47

After infecting the host, these phages always enter the lytic cycle, multiply rapidly, and kill the host.

Answer 47

virulent bacteriophages