Chapter 14 Flashcards
Conception and Early Pregnancy
Men: sperm health improves with a balanced diet, adequate zinc and antioxidants, reduced alcohol/smoking/exposure to toxic substances
Women: healthy weight, adequate folic acid, avoiding harmful substances (smoking/alcohol) improve conception and pregnancy outcomes
First Trimester
Critical for organ and system development. Nutrient needs: folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D. Avoid smoking, drinking, raw/undercooked foods, excessive caffeine
Second Trimester
Increased calorie needs (+340 kcal/day). Growth support with more carbs and protein. Regular exercise benefits weight gain and reduces gestational diabetes risks
Third Trimester
Additional calories (+450 kcal/day) for rapid fetal growth. Manage discomforts (heartburn, constipation) with fiber and fluids. Avoid prolonged sedentary behavior and stay hydrated
Special Concerns
Younger mothers: higher nutrient needs for personal growth. Risks: preterm delivery, low birth weight
Older mothers: Declined fertility, increased risks of hypertension, gestational diabetes, multiple births
Breastfeeding
Benefits for mothers: faster recovery, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved bonding
Benefits for infants: nutritional adequacy, immunities (antibodies, HMOs), reduced obesity risk
Recommend exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, continuing for up to 2 years or longer
Formula
Safe alternative when breastfeeding isn’t feasible (cow milks based, soy based, hydrolyzed protein)
Introducing Solids
Begin around 6 months when development milestones are reached. Start with pureed food and introduce one food at a time to monitor for allergies. Avoid choking hazards and honey (risk of botulism)
Food Allergies and Intolerances
Milk, peanuts, eggs, fish, soy.
Symptoms: swelling, hives, respiratory issues, anaphylaxis.
Breastfeeding may help develop food tolerance in infants
