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Chapter 14-15 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Transcription

A

DNA sequence is copied to a complementary
RNA sequence

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2
Q

Translation

A

RNA sequence is template for an amino acid sequence

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3
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

one strand of DNA is copied to a complementary mRNA strand, moves to cytoplasm in eukaryotes

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4
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids to form a polypeptide

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5
Q

tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

binds specific amino acids and recognizes specific
sequences in mRNA

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6
Q

4 things needed for transcription

A
  1. DNA template for base pairings
  2. ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP (ribonucleoside phosphates)
  3. RNA polymerase
  4. Salts and pH buffer (test tube only)
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7
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyzes RNA synthesis

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8
Q

processive

A

one enzyme‐template binding results in polymerization of hundreds of RNA bases

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9
Q

steps of Transcription

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
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10
Q

promotor

A

tell enzyme where to start and which strand of DNA to
transcribe

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11
Q

initiation site

A

where transcription begins

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12
Q

Sigma Factors (prokaryotes) /transcription factors (eukaryotes)

A

proteins that bind to DNA sequences and RNA polymerase, helping
direct polymerase onto the promoter

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13
Q

Describe initiation in transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to a DNA promotor sequence

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14
Q

Describe elongation in transcription

A

RNA polymerase unwinds DNA about 10 base pairs at a time;
reads template DNA strand in 3’ to 5’ direction

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15
Q

describe termination in transcription

A

where transcription stops; specified by a specific DNA
sequence

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16
Q

Intron

A

noncoding regions that are
transcribed but then spliced out of
pre‐mRNA in the nucleus

17
Q

Exons

A

coding sequences; reach the
ribosome

18
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes introns
and splices exons together

19
Q

Small nuclear
ribonucleoprotein particles
(snRNPs)

A

remove introns from pre-mRNA and splice the exons together

20
Q

5’ cap

A

facilitates binding to the ribosome

21
Q

poly A tail

A

a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a messenger RNA to increase stability

22
Q

Genetic code

A

specifies which amino acids will be used to build a protein

23
Q

codon

A

sequence of three bases, each specifying a particular amino acid

24
Q

How to read a codon chart

A

first letter on the left, seconded on top, third on the right

25
Q

Start codon

A

initiation signal for translation

26
Q

stop codon

A

termination signal

27
Q

Wobble

A

specificity for the base at the 3’ end of the codon is
not always observed

28
Q

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases

A

enzymes that charge tRNA

29
Q

steps of Translation

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
30
Q

initiation complex

A

a charged tRNA and small ribosomal
subunit, both bound to mRNA

31
Q

describe initiation in translation

A

small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA, a tRNA charged with methionine (with anticodon UAC), binds to start codon (AUG), large subunit joins, charged tRNA in now in the P site

32
Q

describe elongation in translation

A

another charged tRNA enters the A site, while at the p site, the methionine is transferred to the end of the next charged amino acid on the tRNA in the A site, then the first tRNA is moved to the e site where it is ejected, and the A site tRNA moves to P site and the cycle continues

33
Q

describe termination in translation

A

translation ends
when a stop codon enters the A
site, Stop codons bind a protein
release factor, which
hydrolyzes the bond
between the polypeptide
and the tRNA in the P site, then the polypeptide separates from the ribosome.

34
Q

elongation factors

A

protein that assists in repeating elongation steps

35
Q

polyribosome

A

a strand of mRNA with associated
ribosomes

Chapter 14-15 (2 decks)

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