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BIO 111 Exam 4 > CHAPTER 14 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chomosome are made of what

A

DNA and protein

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2
Q

DNA has how many neucleotide

A

4

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3
Q

How many amino acids does protein contain?

A

20

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4
Q

what stores more information

A

protein

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5
Q

DNA is what kind of material

A

genetic

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6
Q

who studied bacterium containing pneumonia

A

Frederick Griffith

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7
Q

what is virulent

A

S strain

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8
Q

what strain is nonvirulent

A

R strain

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9
Q

what did Frederick infect to study the two strand?

A

Mice

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10
Q

which strand killed the mice

A

S strain

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11
Q

what digesting-enzyme destroy all transforming ability

A

DNA

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12
Q

what is the genetic material in bacteria

A

DNA

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13
Q

a virus that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages (phages)

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14
Q

what are bacteriophages made of?

A

DNA and protein

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15
Q

what is labeled with radioactive phosphorous

A

bacteriophages DNA

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16
Q

what is labeled with radioactive sulfur

A

bacteriophages protein

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17
Q

the remaining shell that was not injected into bacterial cell contain what?

A

protein

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18
Q

what remains in the heavy part of the enzyme when centrifuge

A

phosphorous with DNA remain at the bottom

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19
Q

what are the three parts of the nucleotide

A
  1. 5 carbon ring
  2. nitrogenous base
  3. phosphate group
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20
Q

what do you call1 ring nitrogenous base?

A

pyrimidine

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21
Q

what do you call a 2 ring nitrogenous base?

A

purine

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22
Q

which protein makes up nitrogenous base in DNA (pyrimidine)?

A

cytosine and thymine

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23
Q

which protein make up nitrogenous base in RNA (pyrimidine)?

A

cytosine and uracil

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24
Q

what two protein makes up purine

A

adenine and guanine

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25
Q

DNA is nucleic acid composed of what?

A

nucleotide

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26
Q

5 carbon sugar

A

dioxyribose

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27
Q

what are your nitrogenous base?

A
  1. adenine
  2. cytosine
  3. guanine
  4. Thymine
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28
Q

what do hydroxy group attached to?

A

3 carbon of sugar

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29
Q

bond between adjacent nucleotide?

A

phosphodiester bond

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30
Q

chain of nucleotide has what kind of orientation

A

5’ to 3’

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31
Q

who determine an equal proportion of two-ring purine (A and G) and one ring pyrimidine (C and T)

A

Erwin Chargaff

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32
Q

what do adenine bind with?

A

Thymine

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33
Q

what do cytosine bind with?

A

guanine

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34
Q

who discover that DNA is helical

A

Rosalind Franklin

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35
Q

DNA molecules made of ___________ ____________chain of nucleotide, that is double helix structure.

A

two intertwined

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36
Q

DNA molecules made of two intertwined chain of _____________, that is double helix structure.

A

nucleotide

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37
Q

DNA molecules made of two intertwined chain of nucleotide, that is _________ __________ structure.

A

double helix

38
Q

repeating sugar and phosphate units are joined by what kind of bond?

A

phosphodiester bond

39
Q

what is the backbone of one of the DNA strand

A

phosphodiester backbone

40
Q

the double helix form ______ _______,the larger major groove and the smaller minor groove

A

two groove

41
Q

the double helix from two groove, the larger _______ ______ and the smaller minor groove

A

major groove

42
Q

the double helix form two groove, the larger major groove and the _____ ______ groove

A

smaller minor groove

43
Q

the double helix have what kind of bond between bases on opposite strand

A

hydrogen bond

44
Q

why is a helix stable

A

has consistent diameter and thousands of low-energy hydrogen bonds

45
Q

what kind of base-pairing does nitrogenous base have

A

complimentary

46
Q

A forms how many kind of bond with T

A

two

47
Q

g forms how many bonds with c

A

three

48
Q

two strand of a single DNA molecule have what kind of polarity to one another

A

opposite

49
Q

both strand of parental DNA remain intact; new DNA consist of all new molecules

A

conservative model

50
Q

daughter strands each consist of one parental strand and one new strand

A

semiconservative model

51
Q

new DNA is dispersed throughout each strand of both daughter molecules after replication

A

disperse model

52
Q

who study bacterial cells grown in heavy isotopes of nitrogen 15N?

A

Meselson and Stahl

53
Q

what model was supported with Meselson and Stahl’s results?

A

semiconservative model

54
Q

DNA replication requires how many things to work?

A
  1. something to copy (parental DNA molecule)
  2. something to do the copying (enzyme)
  3. Building blocks to make copy (nucleotide triphosphate)
55
Q

where DNA replication begins

A

initiation

56
Q

Where new strand of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase

A

Elongation

57
Q

Where replication is terminated

A

Termination

58
Q

Match existing DNA bases with complementary nucleotide and links them, that is build new DNA strands

A

DNA polymerases

59
Q

what features do new DNA strand have

A
  1. add new bases to 3’ end of existing strand
  2. synthesize 5’ to 3’ direction
  3. require a primer of RNA
60
Q

what was used in the model system for understanding universal attribute of replication?

A

E. coli

61
Q

single circular molecular of DNA

A

prokaryotic replication

62
Q

In prokaryotic replication where does replication begin

A

origin

63
Q

prokaryotic replication begin in ______ direction around the chromosome

A

both

64
Q

prokaryotic replication begin in both direction around the _________.

A

chromosome

65
Q

DNA controlled by an origin

A

replicon

66
Q

acts on lagging strand to remove primer and replace them with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I (Pol I)

67
Q

Involved in DNA repair processes

A

DNA polymerase II (Pol II)

68
Q

Main replication enzyme

A

DNA polymerase IIII (Pol III)

69
Q

what do all 3 DNA polymerase have in common

A

3’-to5’ exonuclease activity –Proofreading

70
Q

what is different about Pol I activity?

A

remove RNA primers

71
Q

in addition to adding nucleotide to a growing DNA strand, some polymerase molecules can do what?

A

remove nucleotide, acting as a nucleases

72
Q

cutting DNA internally

A

endonucleases

73
Q

remove nucleotide from end of DNA

A

exonucleases

74
Q

use ATP to unwind DNA

A

helicases

75
Q

what keeps the strand apart?

A

single-strand-binding proteins (SSBs)

76
Q

torsional strain in the molecule that leads to additional twisting of the helix due to unwinding from helicases

A

supercoiling

77
Q

enzymes that prevent supercoiling

A

topiosomerase

78
Q

what is the topoisomerase in DNA that relieves the torsional strain?

A

DNA gyrase

79
Q

what can only synthesize the 5’-to-3’ direction

A

DNA polymerase

80
Q

New DNA strand must be synthesize in opposite direction

A

antiparallel nature of DNA

81
Q

what strand synthesize continously from an initial primer

A

leading

82
Q

what strand synthesized discontinuously with multiple priming event

A

lagging

83
Q

fragments on lagging strand are called what

A

okazaki fragment

84
Q

partial opening of helix formed where double stranded DNA is being unwound

A

Replication fork

85
Q

RNA polymerase that makes RNA primer

A

DNA primase

86
Q

the ability of a polymerase to stay attached

A

processivity

87
Q

what beta subunit form to keep DNA Pol III attached to DNA (high processivity)

A

Sliding clamp

88
Q

joins okazaki fragments to form complete strands

A

DNA ligase

89
Q

macromolecular assemble of enzymes involves in DNA replication

A

replisome

90
Q

what are the primosome involved in DNA replication

A
  1. Primase
  2. helicase
  3. accessory protein
91
Q

why is eukaryotic replication more complex than prokaryotes

A
  1. larger amount of DNA in multiple chromosomes
  2. linear structure (versus circular chromosome)
92
Q

specialized structures found on the end of eukaryotic chromosomes and composed of specific repeat sequence

A

telomeres

BIO 111 Exam 4 (1 decks)

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