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Biology Chapter 15 > chapter 14 > Flashcards

chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What experimental evidence proved DNA is the hereditary material?

A
  • Hershey and Chase
  • DNA contains P and not S
  • proteins contain S and not P
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2
Q

What is the semiconservative replication hypothesis?

A

the parental strands separate and each become a template for the synthesis of the daughter strand

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3
Q

What is the conservative replication hypothesis?

A

the parental strands temporarily turn out from the helix to become a template; an entire new helix will be made

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4
Q

What is the dispersive replication hypothesis?

A

the parental helix is cut at intervals to synthesize DNA is short segments

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5
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A
  • carries out replication
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6
Q

DNA polymerase functions ONLY in the ____________ direction.

A

5’ –> 3’

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7
Q

What must DNA polymerase have to function?

A

a second strand to serve as a template

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8
Q

What are the different types of DNA polymerase?

A

-prokaryotes/bacteria (5): DNA polymerase I-V
-eukaryotes (14): DNA polymerase a (alpha) - v (nu), o (sigma)

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9
Q

Where does the energy for synthesis come from?

A

dNTP, dATP, dGTP, dTTP, dCTP

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10
Q

What are the molecules involved in opening the helix?

A
  1. helicase
  2. SSBPs
  3. topoisomerase
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11
Q

What is the function of helicase?

A

catalyzes the separation of the DNA strands to open the the helix

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12
Q

What is the function of SSBPs?

A

stabilize the single strand of DNA

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13
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase?

A

breaks down/rejoins DNA double helix to relieve twisting forces that are caused by the opening of the helix

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14
Q

What are the molecules involved in leading-strand synthesis?

A
  1. primase
  2. DNA polymerase III
  3. sliding clamp
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15
Q

What is the function of primase in leading strand synthesis?

A

catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primer

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16
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase III in leading strand synthesis?

A

extends the leading strand

17
Q

What is the function of the sliding clamp in leading strand synthesis?

A

holds the polymerase in place during strand extension

18
Q

What are the molecules involved in lagging-strand synthesis?

A
  1. primase
  2. DNA polymerase III
  3. sliding clamp
  4. DNA polymerase I
  5. ligase
19
Q

What is the function of primase during lagging-strand synthesis?

A

catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primer on the Okazaki fragment

20
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase III in lagging-strand synthesis?

A

extends the Okazaki fragment

21
Q

What is the function of the sliding clamp in lagging-strand synthesis?

A

holds DNA polymerase in place during strand extension

22
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase I in lagging-strand synthesis?

A

removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

23
Q

What is the function of ligase in lagging-strand synthesis?

A

catalyzes the joining of the Okazaki fragments into 1 continuous strand

24
Q

Describe the steps of lagging-strand synthesis.

A
  1. primer is added
  2. the first fragment is synthesized
  3. second fragment is synthesized
  4. primer is replaced, leaving slight gap
  5. gap is closed
25
Q

What is the end replication problem?

A

lagging strand at the end of DNA can’t be copied

26
Q

What is a telomere?

A

the end of a linear chromosome ( made of short, repetitive sequences)

27
Q

What is telomerase?

A

enzyme that extends telomeres (has its own RNA template and extends lagging strand)

28
Q

How does telomerase solve the end replication problem?

A

it makes up for the shortcoming
- extends the unreplicated end of a parental strand at 3’ ends of a chromosome

29
Q

What does the length of a telomere predict?

A

the number of cell divisions before cells stop dividing

30
Q

What are the two mechanisms of DNA repair?

A
  1. proofreading
  2. mismatch repair
31
Q

What is proofreading?

A

DNA polymerase III can detect and correct mismatched base pairs (autocorrect)

32
Q

What is mismatched repair?

A

corrected after DNA replication by specialized proteins (peer-review)

33
Q

Describe the steps of proofreading.

A
  1. DNA polymerase III pauses when it detects a mismatch
  2. a separate subunit of polymerase has exonuclease ability
34
Q

What is nucleotide excision repair?

A

-type of mismatch repair
- removal and replacement of mismatched bases

Biology Chapter 15 (1 decks)

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