Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

•What is catabolism and anabolism and how do each contribute to metabolism?

A

Catabolism (Breakdown of larger molecules)
• Degradative
• Exergonic
• Generate ATP
• Produce NADPH
(and NADH)
• Oxidative
• Increase
entropy
• Converging
patterns

Anabolism (synthesis of larger molecules)

  • Biosynthetic
  • Endergonic
  • Use ATP
  • Use NADPH and NADH
  • Reductive
  • Decrease entropy
  • Diverging patterns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Be able to differentiate between photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs
A

Nutritional requirements reflect metabolic energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are aerobes and anaerobes?

A

Organisms differ in oxygen requirements for metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • What are essential amino acids and list the essential amino acids?
A

Essential amino acids are nutritional requirements

Methionine, Valine, (Histidine), Threonine, Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, and Lysine

(M, V, H, T, P, L, I, T, L)

meth values hiding the phenyl like isis tripping lucy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of Vitamins?

A

Vitamins are required for metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Be able to identify essential minerals and trace elements and give examples of their roles within cells
A

■ Signal transduction

■ Enzyme catalysis

■ Enzyme function

Major Essential Minerals

Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur

(S, P, C, C, P, M, S)

Sally picks canned cranberries providing much stupidity

Trace Elements

Iron, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Chromium, Fluorine

(I, C, Z, S, I, C, F)

I cant, zilly’s sickness is C F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • What cellular components or molecules are created by the breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins?
A

■ Connected enzymatic reactions that produce specific products

■ Protein – Provide nitrogen and essential amino acids

■ Carbohydrates – Provide energy and nucleotides

■ Lipids – Provide energy, membrane components and signaling molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the metabolic pathways localized in each cellular organelle.

A

Cellular Specialization in Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Explain the different ways enzymes are can be connected for a metabolic pathway. Describe how these different connects can alter rates of pathways.
A

■ Metabolic pathways can involve enzymes that are:

– physically separate

– in multienzyme complexes

– membrane-bound complexes

Metabolites are often connected by opposing metabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • What are near equilibrium reactions and how they differ from irreversible reactions.
A

■ ∧G approximately 0 (no net change in free energy)

■ Easily reversible

■ Rate regulated by concentration of products and reactants

product A + B C + D

substrate A + B C + D

Irreversible

■ Are irreversible (overall pathway)

■ Have a committed step

■ Catabolic and Anabolic pathways differ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • What is metabolic flux (short term and long term)
A

J=Vf-Vr

■Short-term

– Allosteric control (bottom)

– Covalent modification

– Substrate cycles (right)

■ Long-term – Genetic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Be able to label the phosphates and bond types in ATP
A

ATP: high energy phosphates

■The currency of the cell

■ Large free energy change accompanies cleavage of its phosphoanhydride bonds

■“high” energy compounds include phosphoryl-containing molecules that have a phosphoryl transfer potential below -25 kJ/mol

■ All spontaneous but also kinetically stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Describe the characteristics of phosphoranhydride bonds that make them high energy. How does this relate to other high energy compounds?
A

Factors influencing high energy character of phosphoranhydride bonds

■ Electrostatic repulsion

■ Increase in entropy

■ Stabilization due to hydration

■ Resonance stabilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Be able to describe phosphoryl transfer potentials and how energy flows through phosphate compounds
A

the standard free energy of hydrolysis—is a means of comparing the tendency of organic molecules to transfer a phosphoryl group to an acceptor molecule. ATP has a higher phosphoryl- transfer potential than glycerol 3-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

■ Exergonic reactions can be coupled to endergonic reaction to drive them to completion

■ Additivity of free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • What is the difference between FAD and NAD+ in terms of the ability to carry hydrogens and electrons?
A

Electron carriers: NAD+

■ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

■ Accepts hydride anion

17
Q

What is the difference between FAD and NAD+ in terms of the ability to carry hydrogens and electrons?

A

Electron carriers: FAD

■ Flavin adenine dinucleotide

■ Can accept 1 or 2 electrons with or without protons

18
Q

What is oxidation and reduction. Be able to recognize if a compound is begin oxidized or reduced in a reaction

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions are the energy source for metabolism

19
Q

Use the Nernst equation to calculate standard half-cell potential difference

A

Half reactions can be physically separated to form an electrochemical cell and the voltage difference can be measured

-describes redox reactions

■E- half cell potential difference

■ Eo’- standard half cell potential difference

■ n- number of moles of electrons transferred between cells

■ [red] – concentration of molecule/ion that gained electron

■ [ox] – concentration of molecule/ion that lost electrons

Eo’ can help determine movement of electrons

■ A more positive Eo’

  • more likely to accept electrons
  • more likely to be an oxidizing agent
  • more likely to become reduced
20
Q
  • How does standard reduction potential relate to free energy? Be able to do calculations.
A

A typical table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions

Do Practice Calculations everytime you get this question