CHAPTER 14

Question 1

What is health psychology

Answer 1

It’s understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill and how they respond when they do get ill.

Question 2

What did early theorist in health psychology believe?

what methods did they use to help their patients?

What kind of equipment did they use to do neurosurgery?

Theorist changed their mind about where illnesses came from, what did they think it was?

Answer 2

Believed that illnesses was caused by evil spirits

They engaged in the practice of trephination, drilling holes in skulls to allow the evil spirits to escape.

Performed with Stone Age tools.

From poor bodily functions

Question 3

What is the biopsychosocial model?

What does the biopsychosocial model recognise?

Answer 3

The idea that health and illness stem from a combination of biological, psychological and social factors.

That social and psychological variables in addition to biological underpinnings laid the foundation for health and illness, and guides the field of health psychology today.

Question 4

What are the theories of health behaviour?

Answer 4

The health belief model, the protection motivation theory of health, the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour

Question 5

What are four health promotion barriers?

Answer 5

Individual barriers, family barriers, health system barriers, and ethnic barriers

Question 6

What are factors that contribute to an individual’s health and well-being?

What is well-being?

Answer 6

Environmental, social, biological, lifestyle, spiritual, vocational, societal, and socioeconomic.

The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.

Question 7

What is stress? Describe it

What is Selye’s general adaptation syndrome?

Stress is the transition between what?

What is Lazarus’s model?

Answer 7

A challenge to a persons capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands.
Stress is a psychological process, with both physical and psychological components and consequences.

Consists of three stages; alarm, resistance & exhaustion.

The individual & Environment, in which the individual perceives the demands of the environment tax or exceeds their psychological resources.

It identifies two stages in the process of stress and coping: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal.

Question 8

What is the word called where events that happen to an individual causes stress?

Answer 8

Stressors. For example, life events are stressors that require adaptation and change.

Question 9

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

Answer 9

Examines the influence of psychological factors on the functioning of the immune system.

Question 10

What are two ways stress can affect our physical health?

Answer 10

Directly weakening the immune system, and indirectly leading to behaviours that weaken the body’s defences or lead to exposure to pathogens.

Question 11

What is coping?

What is problem-focused coping?

What is emotion-focused coping?

Answer 11

Ways people deal with stressful situations

Involves changing the situation (e.g., deal with the stressor itself)

Aims to regulate the emotion generated by a stressful situation (e.g.,alter thoughts about the situation, and/or alter the unpleasant emotional consequences of stress)

Question 12

What is low-effort syndrome?

Answer 12

Seemingly stop making the kinds of active effort that might elevate someone of their hardships

Question 13

What is social support?

Answer 13

Refers to the presence of others in whom a person can confide and from the individual can expect help and concern.

Question 14

Who was the person known to be the father of modern medicine?

What did he propose?

Answer 14

Hippocrates

The humoural theory of illness.

Question 15

The role of physiology in illness was identified in what?

What is the humoural theory of illness?

What are the four fluids?

What does the fluid imbalances cause?

Answer 15

Humoural theory of illness

Suggests that physical and psychological assertions caused problems/disease by having an imbalance in the four fluids or humours of the body.

Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile.

Produce psychological (eg personality) and physical (eg Illnesses) changes

Question 16

Who was the person who expanded Hippocrates original theory?

What did he suggest?

Read page 941 to see more about each fluid

Answer 16

Galen

That four personality types or temperaments were determined by the relative proportions of the four fluids.

Question 17

Beginning of the fifteenth century who made major contributions with microscopy?

And who was the other person in relation to autopsy?

Who resurrected the practice of dissection?

What did they all do?

Answer 17

Leeuwenhock

Morgagni

Vesalius

They identified biological and anatomical causes of disease (I.e., anatomical theory) instead of imbalances of bodily fluids (I.e., humoural theory)

Question 18

What is the theory that contends that the mind and the body are completely seperate entities. And who came up with the theory?

Answer 18

Theory of Cartesian dualism and it was Descartes that proposed the theory.

This unity of the mind and body was fractured during the period of the Renaissance by Descartes theory of Cartesian dualism

Question 19

What theory is the idea that illness and disease result from abnormalities within individual cells?

Answer 19

Cellular theory of illness

An increased focus on the body as the source on the body as the source of illness led to the cellular theory of illness.

Question 20

Who was the physician that realised that some illnesses could not be tracked to an underlying biological cause.

What did he believe?

What did he name the the physical manifestation of psychological issues?

Answer 20

Sigmund Freud

That the ‘unexplained’ physical problems stemmed from unconscious conflicts.

Conversion reactions.

Question 21

What is the idea that changes in physiology mediate the relationship between unconscious conflicts and illnesses constitutes which field?

Answer 21

Field of psychosomatic medicine

Question 22

Freudian theory & psychosomatic medicine laid the groundwork for what?

Answer 22

Reuniting The mind and body.

Question 23

What is the biomedical model?

Answer 23

The theory that disease can be traced to the level of individual cells.

Question 24

Whats is FOMO?

Answer 24

The perception that one is missing out or not part of a rewarding experience and involves the need to stay connected with what other people are doing?

Question 25

Whats contributes to our immune functioning, metabolism regulation, neurocrine and endocrine systems, inflammation and insulin sensitivity?

And how many roughly are in our bodies?

When do they develop?

Answer 25

Microbiome

Over 100 trillion microbes

Start to develop prenatally via the mother and further develops after birth via type of birth (natural, or Caesarean section), diet, environmental factors, hygiene and antibiotic use.

Question 26

What type of illness can effect the microbiota if there is psychological or physical stress?

What has shown to help promote healthy microbiota?

Answer 26

Leads to reduced in health & wellbeing such changes cause emotional behaviour irregularities, brain disease, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, autism spectrum disorder.

Prebiotic & probiotics

Question 27

What is being used to promote health behaviour change?

Answer 27

Games their effective due to their ability to entertain, motivate, and engage users