Chapter 14 (1&2) and 17 (all)-The formation of Western Europe & European Renaissance and Reformation

Question 0

Gothic

Answer 0

relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires.

Question 1

simony

Answer 1

the selling or buying of a position in a Christian church

Question 2

Pope Urban II

Answer 2

he issued the first Crusade, to regain the Holy Land.

Question 3

Crusades

Answer 3

one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Question 4

Holy Land

Answer 4

Muslims controlled this and what is now called Palestine. this is why the christians started the crusades

Question 5

Saladin

Answer 5

Jerusalem had fallen this muslim leader during the second crusade. The third Crusade was led by (most important) Richard the Lion- Hearted for the Christians. This leader and Lion-Hearted agreed on a truce- jerusalem remained under muslim control. In return, this leader promised that unarmed christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places.

Question 6

Richard the Lion-Hearted

Answer 6

During the Third Crusade (to recapture Jerusalem) his leader led it along with Augustus and Barbarossa. These three people were Europe’s most powerful monarchs. After the two died he was left to lead the Crusade in attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin. This leader and Saladin agreed on a truce- jerusalem remained under muslim control. In return, Saladin promised that unarmed christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places.

Question 7

Reconquista

Answer 7

the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Question 8

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Answer 8

Granda held by the Muslims fell to the Christian army of him, who were Spanish monarchs. To unify their country under christianity and to increase their power, he made use of the Inquisition.

Question 9

Inquisition

Answer 9

a Roman catholic tribunal for investigating and and prosecuting charges of heresy- especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Question 10

Heretics

Answer 10

the people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church. The Inquisition held by the church was suppressing people for heresy.

Question 11

Avignon

Answer 11

Philip VI persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French pop. Clement V was selected and moved from Rome to this city in France. Popes would live here for the next 69 years. This move greatly weakened the church papacy.

Question 12

cause of the great schism

Answer 12

King Philip IV persuaded a french pope 1. Clement V (he gave allegiance to the king so moved from Rome to Avignon) died 2. Pope Gregory XI died while visiting Rome 3. people wanted a roman or italian so Pope Urban VI(Italian) was chosen(arrogant) 4.a second pope was chosen which was a French pope named Clement VII 5. both believed they were the rightful popes one lived in Avignon (french) and one lived in Rome (Italian) 6. this began the Great Schism 7. council of constance tried to stop it but a third pope was chosen 8. with the help of the holy roman emperor all three were forced to resign 9. Martin V was chosen ending the great schism but leaving the papacy weakened

Question 13

Great Schism

Answer 13

division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome

Question 14

John Wycliffe

Answer 14

he preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. He was much offended by the worldliness and wealth many clergy displayed. He believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth. He also taught that the Bible alone- not the pope- was the final authority for Christian life. He helped spread this idea by inspiring an english translation of the new testament of the Bible

Question 15

Jan Hus

Answer 15

influenced by Wycliffe’s writings, he was a professor in Bohemia and taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. He was excommunicated and seized by church leaders tried as heretic and then burned

Question 16

bubonic plague

Answer 16

deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people. this disrupted medieval society and society of middle ages was collapsing.

Question 17

Hundred Years’ War

Answer 17

a conflict in which England and France batted on french soil and off. This was a conflict to determine the French throne. Brought a change in the style of warfare. a feeling of nationalism between England and France emerged. now people thought of the king as a national leader, fighting for the glory of the country, not simply a feudal lord. Monarchy increased. of the middle ages and chivalry crumbled.

Question 18

Joan of Arc

Answer 18

a teenage peasant girl who felt moved by god to rescue France from its english conquerors. Her visions urged her to drive the english from France and give the french crown to France’s true king Charles VII. She led the french to victory. if it wasn’t from her English would have taken over France

Question 19

Renaissance

Answer 19

a period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world. Means “rebirth” and refers to the revival of art and learning. they hoped to bring back to life the culture of classical Greece and Rome. led to the importance o the individual.

Question 20

Humanism

Answer 20

a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. Instead of trying to make classical texts agree with christian teaching as medieval scholars had, humanists studied them to understand ancient Greek values. what you could become vs. what you actually achieve

Question 21

secular

Answer 21

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters. concerned with he here and now. people should enjoy luxuries and should not have to live in poverty.worldly than church. belief in going out and being wealthy and being a good person instead of being on strict rules by the church

Question 22

patron

Answer 22

used money to beautify the city/ financially supports artists/ pericles was one of the first links/secular- rachel is poor artist- wealthy takes in rachel- supports her (like on of their own)- then you put painting in public (monarch’s castle)/by having their portraits painted or by donating art to the city to place in public squares, the wealthy demonstrated their own importance

Question 23

perspective

Answer 23

tool that creates three dimensions using optical illusions/ shade like popping out

Question 24

vernacular

Answer 24

the everyday language of a region or country/instead of latin since writing was so hard and long to translate their writing into it/

Question 25

humanists

Answer 25

popularized the study of subjects common to classical education such as history, literature, and philosophy they suggested the enjoy life without offending god (can live this life by) by enjoying wealthy things

Question 26

anglican

Answer 26

relating to the church of England/ elizabeth was the head/ only legal church in England

Question 27

predestination

Answer 27

the doctrine that god has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved/

Question 28

Lutheran

Answer 28

a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of martin luther who nailed the 95 theses

Question 29

reformation

Answer 29

a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that ejected the pope’s authority/ luther’s words of the 95 theses began this movement/ it led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority

Question 30

Protestant

Answer 30

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the reformation/ to chritsians who belonged to non catholic churches/ many princes saw his teachings as a good excuse to seize church property and to assert their independence from Charles V

Question 31

annul

Answer 31

to cancel or set aside

Question 32

indulgence

Answer 32

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin/ released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins/ were not supposed to affect God’s right to judge/ tetzel gave the impressions that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven

Question 33

theocracy

Answer 33

a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure/ a government controlled by religious leaders/ ideal government

Question 34

calvinism

Answer 34

a body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John calvin/ calvin belived that god has known since he beginning of time who will be saved/ looked toward the doctrine predestination

Question 35

Council of Trent

Answer 35

a meeting of Roman catholic leaders, called by pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the protestant reformers/ agreed on many things here like 1. the church’s interpretation of the bible was final. any christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. 2. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. they were not saved by alone, as luther argued 3. the bible and the church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding christian life 4. indulgences were valid expressions of faith. but the selling of indulgences was banned

Question 36

Utopia

Answer 36

an imaginary land described by thomas more in his book Utopia-hence, an ideal place/ means “no place” in greek

Question 37

anabaptist

Answer 37

in the reformation, a member of a protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state

Question 38

Jesuits

Answer 38

members of the society of jesus, a roman catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola/ founded schools throughout Europe. jesuit teachers were well-trained in both classical studies and theology/ to convert non-christians to Catholicism. so they sent out mercenaries/ to stop the spread of protestantism. the zeal of the jesuits overcame the drift toward protestantism in Poland and southern Germany

Question 39

Presbyterian

Answer 39

a member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox

Question 40

Catholic reformation

Answer 40

a 16th century movement in which the roman catholic church sought to make changes to the protestant reformation/ helping catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the catholic church to reform itself

Question 41

peace of Augsburg

Answer 41

a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Question 42

William Shakespeare

Answer 42

most famous writer duringElizabethan Age/ greatest playwright of all time/ born in Startford on avon/ soon reforms at the Globe Theater/ drew inspiration from the classics/ works display english language and deep understanding of humans/ through dramatic conflict/ human flaws

Question 43

Johann gutenberg

Answer 43

developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way/ made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply/ printed a complete Bible