Chapter 13.1

Question 1

**First-Row D Block Elements **

What are the first 10 d block elements

Answer 1

The elements strating from Sc to Zn

Question 2

**First-Row D Block Elements **

What is special about the first 10 d block elements?

Answer 2

Have similar chemical and physical properties

Question 3

Transition Elements Have Characteristic Properties (Electron Config)

How is the similarity between the the first 10 d block elements shown?

Answer 3

Due to their relatively small atomic radii

Question 4

Transition Elements Have Characteristic Properties (Electron Config)

What is the reason for the decrease of the atomic radii of the d block elements across a period?

Answer 4

Due to the slight increase in effective nuclear charge experienced by 4s electrons

Question 5

Transition Elements Have Characteristic Properties (Electron Config)

Why are transition metals able to form alloys?

Answer 5

Due to their similarity atomic radii which will not cause disruption of the solid structure

Question 6

Physical Properties

What are the physical properties of transition elements?

Answer 6

-High thermal and electrical conductivity
-High melting point
-Malleable
-High tensile strength
-Ductile

Question 7

Physical Properties

What allows the transition metals to have these physical properties?

Answer 7

Due to strong metallic bonding found in elements, which involves the 3d and 4s electrons being close in energy and form part of the delocalized sea of electrons which hold lattice together

Question 8

Physical Properties

What gives transition metals their strong metallic bonding and electrical conductivity?

Answer 8

Large number of delocalized electrons

Question 9

Chemical Properties

What are the chemical properties of transition metals?

Answer 9

-Form more than one oxidation number
-Form a variety of complex ions
-Form colored compounds
-Act as catalysts

Question 10

Zinc is not a Transition Metal

Why is zinc not a transition metal?

Answer 10

It does not displlay any of the chemical properties of a transition metal and only has one oxidation number of +2

Question 11

Zinc is not a Transition Metal

What evidence shows that Zinc is nota transition metal?

Answer 11

The fact that Zn’s atom and ion both complete the d sublevel

Question 12

Zinc is not a Transition Metal

What can the definition of a transition metal then be defined as?

Answer 12

Elements whose atoms have an incomplete d-sublevel, or give rise to cations with incomplete d-sublevel

Question 13

Explanation of Variable Oxidation Number of Transition Elements

What is the oxidation number of an element related to?

Answer 13

The successive ionization energies

Question 14

Explanation of Variable Oxidation Number of Transition Elements

What oxidation numbers do all transition metals show?

Answer 14

+2 and +3, where the M3+ is the most stable state of elements from scandium to chromium

Question 15

Explanation of Variable Oxidation Number of Transition Elements

How do the oxidation states increase and where do they reach a maximum?

Answer 15

They increase by a factor of +1 until magnesium, where the increasing oxidation states correspond to the use of 4s and 3d electrons in bonding

Question 16

Explanation of Variable Oxidation Number of Transition Elements

What is special about ions that have an oxidation number of +3 or higher?

Answer 16

They show covalent character as they are able to polarize negative ions and increase covalent character of compound

Question 17

Explanation of Variable Oxidation Number of Transition Elements

What are compounds with higher oxidation states used as?

Answer 17

Oxidizing agents

Question 18

Complex Ions

What is a complex ion?

Answer 18

It is when transition metal ions have a high charge density and are able to attract water molecules which form coordinate bond with positive ion

Question 19

Complex Ions

What is the more general definition of a complex ion?

Answer 19

When a central ion is surrounded by molecules or ions which possess a lone pair of electrons

Question 20

Complex Ions

What are the species surrounding the central ion?

Answer 20

Ligands which attach by coordinate covalent bonding

Question 21

Complex Ions

What is the coordination number?

Answer 21

The number of coordinate bonds from ligand to central ion

Question 22

Polydentate Ligands Act as Chelating Agents

What is a polydentate?

Answer 22

Species that have more than one lone pair available to form more than one coordinate bond with central ion

Question 23

Polydentate Ligands Act as Chelating Agents

What is a chelate?

Answer 23

A complex containing at least one polydentate ligang

Question 24

Transition Metals and their Ions as Heterogeneous Catalysts

What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

Answer 24

The catalyst is a different state from the reactants

Question 25

# **Transition Metals and their Ions as Heterogeneous Catalysts** What makes transition elements good heterogeneous catalysts?

Answer 25

They have the ability to use 4d and 3s electrons to form weak bonds with reactant, providing a surface for the reactant molecules to come together with correct orientation

Question 26

# **Transition Metals and their Ions as Heterogeneous Catalysts** What are examples of heterogenous catalysts?

Answer 26

-Iron in Haber process -Nickel in the conversion of alkenes to alkanes -Palladium in catalytic converters -Magnesium oxide in the decomposition hydrogen peroxide -V2O5 in Contact process

Question 27

# **Ions of Transition Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts** What are homogenous catalysts?

Answer 27

They are in the smae state of matter as the reactants

Question 28

# **Ions of Transition Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts** What makes tranistion metals good homogenous catalysts

Answer 28

The fact that they are able to display many oxiadation states

Question 29

# **The Magnetic Properties of the Transition Metals and their Compounds** What is special about the electrons in the atoms of transition elements

Answer 29

Some are unpaired, leading to magnetic properties when faced by external magnetic force

Question 30

# **The Magnetic Properties of the Transition Metals and their Compounds** What are the different behaviors to an external magnetic field

Answer 30

-Diamegnetism -Paramagnetism -Ferromagnetism

Question 31

# **The Magnetic Properties of the Transition Metals and their Compounds** What is diamegnetism?

Answer 31

It is a property of all materials and produces a very weak opposition to an applied magnetic field. They oppose external magnetic field

Question 32

# **The Magnetic Properties of the Transition Metals and their Compounds** What is paramagnetism?

Answer 32

Only occurs with materials that have unpaired electrons. It produces magnetization proportional to that of external force and in the same drection

Question 33

# **The Magnetic Properties of the Transition Metals and their Compounds** What is ferromagntism?

Answer 33

Produces magnetiations often greater than the applied field. happnes when there is a long range ordering of unpaired electrons

Question 34

# **The Magnetic Properties of the Transition Metals and their Compounds** How are iron, cobalt and nickel ferromagnetic

Answer 34

The upaired d electrons in large numbers line up with parallel spins in regions known as domains, which become more ordered if exposed to external magnetic field. After the external magnetic field is removed, the magnetism remains due to long range interactions between upaired electrons and in different atoms