Chapter 13 Test

Question 1

*ad hoc structure

Answer 1

A method in which the president organizes the White House staff by employing task forces, committees, and informal groups of
friends. All have direct access to the president.

Question 2

Budget Reform

Act of 1974

Answer 2

A congressional effort to control presidential impoundments. It requires, among other things, that the president spend all appropriated funds. However, if Congress is notified of which funds will not be spent and, within forty-five days, agrees to delete the items, the money can be saved. If the president wishes simply
to delay spending money, Congress must be informed and may refuse the delay by passing a resolution requiring immediate
release of the funds

Question 3

cabinet

Answer 3

By custom, the heads of the fourteen major executive departments who meet to discuss matters with the president.
These “secretaries” receive their positions by presidential nomination and confirmation by the Senate. They can be
removed at the will of the president. Note: Other members of the president’s administration may be given “cabinet rank.” For example, Madeleine Albright had cabinet rank when she served
as the U.N. ambassador during the first term of the Clinton
administration.

Question 4

circular structure

Answer 4

A method in which the president organizes the White House staff so that they reporting directly to the president

Question 5

delegate

representation

Answer 5

The representative is expected to act in accord with the preferences of her/his constituents.

Question 6

*direct democracy

Answer 6

A form of democracy in which the people legislate for themselves

Question 7

*divided

government

Answer 7

A government in which one party controls the presidency and a different party controls one or both houses of Congress.

Question 8

Electoral College

Answer 8

The body that formally selects the president. Each state is allotted electoral votes equal to the number of its representatives and senators in Congress. It can decide how its electors are to be chosen and under what method they cast their votes for president. The candidate for the presidency who receives a majority of these votes wins. If no candidate obtains a majority, the House of Representatives chooses from the top three in electoral votes. executive agencies Federal agencies that are part of the executive branch but outside the structure of the cabinet departments. Their heads typically serve at the pleasure of the president and can be removed at the president’s discretion.

Question 9

Executive Office of the President

Answer 9

Executive agencies that report directly to the president and whose purpose is to perform staff services for the president. Top positions are filled by presidential nomination with Senate confirmation

Question 10

executive privilege

Answer 10

A claim by the president that consultations with advisers are confidential and need not be disclosed to the courts or Congress. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled that such a claim is valid when sensitive military or diplomatic matters are involved, but it refused to recognize an “absolute unqualified” presidential privilege of immunity. During the Clinton administration, executive privilege was further limited in scope.

Question 11

impeachment

Answer 11

impeachment A form of indictment voted by the House of Representatives. It can be brought against the president, the vice president, and all “civil officers” of the federal government. To be removed from his or her position, the impeached officer must be convicted by a two/thirds vote of the Senate.

Question 12

implied powers

Answer 12

Powers not specified in the Constitution which the president claims. These powers are asserted by virtue of office.

Question 13

Impoundment

Answer 13

The refusal of the president to spend money appropriated by Congress. The Constitution is silent on this power, but the Budget Reform Act of 1974 limits the president’s ability to impound funds.

Question 14

independent agencies

Answer 14

Federal agencies that are part of the executive branch but outside the structure of cabinet departments. Their heads typically serve fixed terms of office and can be removed only for cause.

Question 15

lame duck

Answer 15

A politician whose power has been diminished because he or she is about to leave office as a result of electoral defeat or statutory limitation.

Question 16

legislative veto

Answer 16

A method by which Congress delegates authority to the executive branch while retaining oversight power. Either one or both houses under this arrangement may block a proposed executive action. It is frequently used for presidential reorganization plans of the executive branch. These vetoes were declared unconstitutional in 1981.

Question 17

line-item veto

Answer 17

This allows the president to approve some provisions of a bill and disapprove others. Voted by the Congress, this grant of power was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Question 18

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

Answer 18

Created as the Bureau of the Budget in 1921, the OMB was reorganized in 1970. It assembles and analyzes the national budget submitted to Congress by the president. Additional duties include studying the organization and operation of the executive branch, devising plans for reorganizing departments and agencies, developing ways of getting better information about government programs, and reviewing proposals that cabinet departments want included in the president’s legislative program.

Question 19

perks

Answer 19

A short form of the term “perquisites,” meaning the fringe benefits of office.

Question 20

pocket veto

Answer 20

One of two ways for a president to disapprove a bill passed by Congress. If the president does not sign the bill within ten days of receiving it, and Congress has adjourned within that time, the bill does not become law.

Question 21

presidential coattails

Answer 21

The charismatic power of a president which enables congressional candidates of the same party to ride into office on the strength of the president’s popularity. This influence has declined in recent elections.

Question 22

prime minister

Answer 22

The head of government in a parliamentary system. Chosen by the legislature, this official selects the other ministers of government (usually from among the members of parliament) and remains in power as long as his or her party (or coalition) has a majority of seats in the legislature.

Question 23

pyramid structure

Answer 23

A method in which the president organizes the White House staff so that assistants report through a hierarchy to a chief of staff.

Question 24

representative democracy

Answer 24

A form of government in which the people elect representatives to act on their behalf

Question 25

trustee representation

Answer 25

The representative acts on his or her judgment, and then explains those judgments to the people.

Question 26

Twenty-fifth Amendment

Answer 26

A constitutional amendment ratified in 1967 which deals with presidential disability. It provides that the vice president is to serve as acting president whenever the president declares an inability to discharge the duties of office or whenever the vice president and a majority of the cabinet declare the president incapacitated. If the president disagrees, a two-thirds vote of Congress is needed to confirm that the president is unable to execute the duties of the office. The amendment also deals with a vacancy in the vice presidency by allowing the president to nominate a new vice president subject to confirmation by a majority vote of both houses.

Question 27

Twenty-second Amendment

Answer 27

A constitutional amendment ratified in 1951 which limits presidents to two terms of office.

Question 28

unified government

Answer 28

A government in which the same party controls the presidency and both houses of Congress.

Question 29

veto message

Answer 29

A statement the president sends to Congress accompanying a refusal to sign a bill passed by both houses. It indicates the president’s reasons for the veto. A two-thirds vote of both houses is necessary to override the veto.

Question 30

White House Office

Answer 30

Personal assistants to the president with offices in the White House. These aides oversee the political and policy interests of the president and do not require Senate confirmation for appointment. They can be removed at the discretion of the president.

Question 31

What are the qualifications for the Presidency?

Answer 31

The Constitution states that the president must be a natural-born citizen at least 35 years old and must have resided in the U.S. for at least 14 years.

Question 32

Where are impeachment charges heard first?

Answer 32

Impeachment charges are heard first by the House Judiciary Committee or by a select committee, which makes recommendations to the full House

Question 33

Name the National Security powers given to the President by the Constitution

Answer 33

Commander in chief of the armed forces; Make treaties with other nations with two-thirds Senate approval; Nominate ambassadors with majority Senate approval; and Receive ambassadors of other nations (diplomatic recognition on other governments)

Question 34

Name the Constitutional Powers given to the President by the Constitution

Answer 34

Present the State of the Union to Congress; Propose legislation to Congress; Convene both houses of Congress on special session; Adjourn Congress if both houses cannot agree on adjournment; and Veto legislation (two-thirds vote of each house can override veto)

Question 35

Name the Administrative Powers given to the President by the Constitution

Answer 35

“Take care that the laws be faithfully executed”; Appoint officials as provided for by Congress with a majority Senate approval; Request written opinions of administrative officials; and Fill administrative vacancies during congressional recesses.

Question 36

Name the Judicial Powers given to the President by the Constitution

Answer 36

Give reprieves and pardons for federal offenses (except impeachment); and Appoint federal judges with the agreement of a majority of the Senate.

Question 37

Describe the events surrounding the shift in public opinion over whether the president should be powerful

Answer 37

By the 1970s, many felt differently.
Lyndon Johnson and the unpopular Vietnam War made people reassess the role of presidential power, and Richard Nixon and the Watergate scandal heightened public distrust.

Question 38

What was the result of the Budgeting and Accounting Act of 1921?

Answer 38

Presidents have the power to recommend agency budgets to Congress

Question 39

T/F Cabinet is mentioned in Constitution

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What are the three major policy making bodies of the Executive Office?

Answer 40

Three major policymaking bodies are the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisers, and Office of Management and Budget.

Question 41

Describe National Security Council

Answer 41

This committee links the president’s foreign and military policy advisers.
Formal members are president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by president’s national security assistant.

Question 42

Describe Council of Economic Advisors

Answer 42

A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.

Question 43

Describe the Office of Management and Budget

Answer 43

Prepares president’s budget, advises presidents on agencies’ proposals, and reviews agencies’ proposed regulations.

Question 44

Describe the White House Staff

Answer 44

includes the key aides the president sees daily—the chief of staff, congressional liaison people, press secretary, national security advisor, and a few other administrative political assistants.

Question 45

Describe Public Approval

Answer 45

A source of presidential leadership of Congress. Public approval gives the president leverage, not command; it does not guarantee success.

Question 46

Describe Mandates

Answer 46

Perception that the voters strongly support the president’s character and policies.
Mandates are infrequent, but presidents claim a mandate anyway

Question 47

What are executive agreements? Who can use them?

Answer 47

Presidents negotiate executive agreements with the heads of foreign governments; unlike treaties, executive agreements do not require Senate ratification.

Question 48

The Constitution’s framers wanted what type of control of the military? Who did they make in charge?

Answer 48

Because the Constitution’s framers wanted civilian control of the military, they made the president the commander in chief of the armed forces.

Question 49

What is the War Resolution? When was it passed?

Answer 49

A law passed in 1973 due to fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension.

Question 50

What’s the difference between head of state and head of government?

Answer 50

head of state (ceremonial) and head of government (executive authority)

Question 51

What are the roles the president plays?

Answer 51

Head of state, chief executive, commander in chief, chief legislator, political party leader, crisis manager, moral persuader

Question 52

What article of the Constitution are the presidential powers mainly found in?

Answer 52

Article II

Question 53

T/F Executive Orders are formal powers of Prez

Answer 53

False– not in Constitution

Question 54

What are two examples of famous executive orders?

Answer 54

Clinton’s “Don’t ask don’t
tell” gays in the military
policy
• FDR’s internment of
Japanese Americans

Question 55

Name famous examples of executive agreements

Answer 55

Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana in 1803; GWB„s announced cuts in the US nuclear
arsenal without a treaty

Question 56

Examples of Notable Politicians Ineligible to

be President:

Answer 56

natural born citizen requirement prohibits
prominent Americans such as Arnold
Schwarzenegger (Austria), and Madeleine
Albright (Czechoslovakia) from becoming
President

Question 57

Powers as Commander in Chief

Answer 57

Commander in Chief of the Army & Navy
 Commander in Chief of the state militias
(now the National Guard)
 Commission all officers

Question 58

Examples of commander in chief:

Answer 58

Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief
during the Civil War
2. FDR during World War II
3. Eisenhower deploys the U.S. Army in Little Rock in 1957 to integrate Central High
School
4. George W. Bush deploys National Guard
reservists in Iraq

Question 59

Powers as Chief Executive of the

Government:

Answer 59

 “faithfully execute” the laws
 require the opinion of heads of executive
departments
 grant pardons for federal offenses except
for cases of impeachment
 nominate judges of the Supreme Court and
all other officers of the U.S. with consent of
the Senate
 fill vacancies that may happen during
recess of the Senate

Question 60

Examples of powers of chief executive:

Answer 60

1. Washington created the first cabinet (1789)
2. President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon
   (1974)
3. President Reagan appoints Sandra Day
   O’Connor as the first woman justice of the
   Supreme Court (1981)
4. George W. Bush used recess appointment
   to John Bolton as Ambassador to the
   United Nations after a prolonged Senate
   filibuster (2005)

Question 61

Powers in Foreign Affairs:

Answer 61

 appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls
 make treaties subject to Senate confirmation
 receive ambassadors

Question 62

Examples of powers of foreign affairs:

Answer 62

President Kennedy negotiates the Nuclear
Test Ban Treaty with the USSR (1963)
2. President Bush 41 negotiates the START
Treaty with the Soviet Union (1991)
3. President Obama negotiates the New
START treaty with Russia (2010)

Question 63

Legislative Powers:

Answer 63

Give State of the Union address to Congress
 Recommend “measures” to the Congress
 Upon “extraordinary occasions” convene
both houses of Congress

Question 64

Examples of legislative powers:

Answer 64

1. George Washington gave first State of the
   Union Address (1790)
2. FDR sends to Congress comprehensive
   legislative agenda, the New Deal (1933)
3. Truman convenes special session of Congress
   to urge enactment of his domestic agenda after
   his renomination for president in 1948

Question 65

Name some things that occur when the Prez is looking for a cabinet nominee

Answer 65

The White House staff vets
potential cabinet nominees, FBI runs background checks on nominees, The President chooses a nominee, Nominees fill out financial disclosure form, Interest groups weigh in on cabinet nominees

Question 66

Examples of executive privilege

Answer 66

Nixon‟s refusal to turn over the Watergate
tapes. The Supreme Court in U.S. v.
Nixon, though it did not strike down the
practice of executive privilege in general,
ruled that Nixon must turn over the tapes
2. Clinton‟s refusal to turn over evidence re: an alleged affair with Monica Lewinsky.
The Supreme Court ruled against Clinton

Question 67

What are the two types of presidents? Describe them

Answer 67

1. Transformational
– ones who bring about truly
fundamental changes
– Clear sense of purpose
– “visionary”
– took risks
– Value driven (has ‘core
values’ that become policy)
– inspired others
2. Transactional
– ones who effect incremental
improvements
– might adapt their style and
behavior to meet the
perceived expectations of
the people
– are viewed in history as
capable but their policies
did not fundamentally
change the course of the
nation

Question 68

Impeachment is investigated by the _____, and if impeached, tried by the _____ with the _____ ______ presiding.

Answer 68

House; Senate; Chief Justice

Question 69

What 2 presidents have been impeached?

Answer 69

Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton

Question 70

What Supreme Court case dealt with War Powers?

Answer 70

Korematsu v. US

Question 71

Describe two types of White House staff

Answer 71

pyramidal- structured as a hierarchy; ensures clear chain of command; filters out unnecessary info; may insulate Prez
circular- surrounded by advisers w/equal access to Pres; allows info from a variety of sources; may permit too much access to Prez