Chapter 13 Spinal cord and reflexes Flashcards
2 main functions of the spinal cord
1.acts as a reflex center
2.carries nerve impulses to and from the brain🧠
Which spinal regions supply shoulders and upper limbs
And which ones supply pelvis and lower limbs
Cervical and lumbar regions respectively
Label the dorsal root, ventral root and dorsal root ganglia on an image
Answer on the notes
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how many spinal nerves in each spinal cord region
31 pairs
Cervical-8
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral-5
3 functions of the spinal meninges
1.isolate spinal cord from surroundings
2.protects by shock absorption
3.carry blood supply
True of false
spinal meninges are continous with cranial meninges
True
True of false
spinal meninges are continous with cranial meninges
True
List 3 spinal meninges
- Dura mater
2.Arachnoid mater
3.Pia matter
What forms the inner part of the spinal cord
Grey matter
What covers the Grey matter
White matter
What covers the white matter
Pia mater
What covers the Pia matter
Arachnoid matter
What covers the arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Label diagram showing the posterior view of the spinal cord, and label the meninges, superficial distribution and white and grey matter distribution
Answer on notes
Label a sectional view of the spinal cord showing meninges as well
Answer on notes
The Dura mater (outer layer) should be strong/tough. What makes it suited for its function
It is made up of dense collagen fibres
What makes spinal cord continuous with cranial nerves
The spinal dura mater is continous with cranial dura mater
Where in the spinal cord do we find loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and blood vessels
Epidural space
Where Is the epidural space found
Between spinal dura mater and walls of the vertebral canal
What type of epithelial tissue makes up the arachnoid membrane
Simple squamous epithelia
What do we call the space between arachnoid mater and the Dura mater
Subdural space
What do we call the space between arachnoid and piano mater
Subarachnoid space
In which space do we find the arachnoid trabeculae and the cerebrospinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
What are the 3 things carried by the cerebrospinal fluid
Dissolved gases
Nutrients
Wastes
Which meningeal layer forms the innermost layer and what substance(s) is it made of
Piano mater
Made up of elastic and collagen fibres
Where are the denticulate ligaments found and what is their main function
They extend from the Pia mater all the way through to the Dura mater.
Function: stabilize side to side movement
True or false : white matter contains unmyelinted axons only
False. White matter contains both myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
Which of the following is not correct about the Gray matter
A.Surrounds central canal of the spinal cord
B.contains cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons.
C. Has both myelinated and unmyelinated axons
D.has projections (gray horns.)
C. Gray matter has unmyelinated axons only.
What are the two types of nuclei found in gray matter and description size(using anatomical plane terms i.e ventral or dorsal)
Dorsal sensory nuclei and ventral motor nuclei
What is the function of the dorsal sensory nuclei found in gray matter
Receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors
What is the function of the dorsal sensory nuclei found in gray matter
Receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors
What is the function of the ventral motor nuclei found in gray matter
Issue motor commands to peripheral effectors
What are the 3 types of gray horns
Posterior
Anterior
And lateral gray horns
Which gray horn is in the thoracic and lumbar region and contains visceral motor nuclei
Lateral gray horn
Which nuclei does the posterior gray horn contain
Somatic and Visceral sensory nuclei
Which nuclei does the anterior gray horn contain
Somatic motor nuclei
What do we call axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other before reaching the gray matter
Gray commissures
List 3 columns that make up the white matter
1.Posterior white columns
2.Anterior white columns
3.Lateral white columns
Where is the posterior white column found
Between Posterior Gray horn and posterior median sulcus
Where is the anterior white column found
Between the anterior gray horn and anterior median fissure
Where is the lateral white column found
On each side of the spinal cord, between the anterior and posterior columns
Find a picture of a sectional view of a spinal cord and label it
Answer on the notes my love ♡
Define white matter fasciculi or tracts
They are bundles of axons in the CNS that relay same information (sensory and motor) in the same direction
What is the difference between ascending and descending tracts
Ascending tract carries sensory information to the brain and Descending tract carries motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord
What is the function of the 3 connective tissue layers that surround the spinal nerve
Supports the structure and contains blood vessels
What is the outer connective tissue layer surrounding spinal nerve
Epineurium
What is the epineurium made of
Dense collagen
What are the middle and inner connective tissue layers respectively
Perineurium and endoneurium
Which connective tissue divides nerve into fascicles of axon bundles
Perineurium
What is the function of the endoneurium
Surrounds individual axons
Find picture of unlabeled typical peripheral nerve and it’s connective tissue wrappings
Answer on notes
What are the 2 types of peripheral spinal nerves
Sensory and motor nerves
Which 2 types of motor fires does the dorsal ramus contain
Somatic and visceral motor fires that innervate the back
What is the function of the dorsal ramus
Carries sensory information to the spinal cord
Which one is a larger branch between dorsal and ventral ramus
Ventral ramus is a larger branch
What are the 2 functions of the ventral ramus
1.innervate ventrolateral structures and limbs
2. Carry sensory information to spinal cord
Give term for the following description (GCT)
-carries sensors information from skin and skeletal muscles of the back
Dorsal ramus
GCT Carries sensory information from visceral organs
Sympathetic nerve
GCT a nerve that connects 2 other nerves and connects spinal nerve to sympathetic trunk
Rami communicantes
GCT carries sensory information to the spinal cord
Dorsal root of spinal cord
GCT carries sensory information from the ventrolateral body surface, body wall and limbs
Ventral ramus
GCT contains axons of somatic motor and visceral motor neurons
Ventral root of spinal nerve
GCT Forms just lateral to the intervertebral foramen, where the dorsal and the ventral roots unite
Spinal nerve
What is the difference between somatic and visceral
Somatic-innervates muscle, bone and soft tissue
Visceral-innervates internal organs and blood vessels
What does the sympathetic nerve carry
Sensory information from the visceral organs
What is the difference between dorsal and ventral rami in terms of what they carry (sensory)
Dorsal ramus-carries sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles of the back
Ventral ramus- carries sensory information from the ventrolateral body surface, body structures, wall and limbs
What does the motor ventral root carry
Axons of somatic and visceral motor neurons
Dorsal root is always on the north or south ? Compared to ventral root
North
What does the motor dorsal ramus carry
Somatic and visceral motor fibres that innervate skin and skeletal muscles of the back
Which one is larger between dorsal and ventral rami
Ventral ramus
What 3 things does ventral ranus supply
1.ventrolateral surface, body structure, wall and limbs
Which of the following is incorrect about the white ramus communicans
A.carries visceral motor fibres to nearby sympathetic ganglion
B.carries myelinated preganglionic neurons
C.it is dark on colour
D.only found between T1 and L2
How is a gray ramus communicans different from the white ramus communicans
- Carries postganglionic fibres
2.unmyelinated axons
3.dark in colour.
What do the postganglionic fibres innervate
Smooth muscles and glands of body wall and limbs
Sympathetic nerve supplies thoracic cavity. Does it have post or pre -ganglionic fibres
It has both pre and post -ganglionic fibres
What are the 4 dermatome areas In order
Can (Cervical)
Thabelo (Thoracic
Leave (Lumbar)
Sweets (Sacral)
What forms nerve plexuses
Blended fibresof ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves
What do nerve plexuses innervate
Skeletal muscles of the neck and upper & lower limbs
What are the 4major pluxes of ventral rami
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
How many nerves does each dermatome area have
Cervical (1-8)
Thoracic (1-12)
Lumbar (1-5)
Sacral (1-5)
Which spinal nerves form cervical plexuses
C1- C5
What does cervical plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve
Neck, thoracic cavity and Diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
Which spinal nerves form brachial plexuses
C5- T1
What does brachial plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve
Pectoral girdle and upper limbs
Median nerve and ulnar nerve
Which spinal nerves form lumbar plexuses
T12- L4
What do lumbar plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve
Pectoral girdle and lower limbs
Femoral nerve, genitofemoral nerve and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Which spinal nerves form sacral plexuses
L4- S4
What does sacral plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve
Pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Sciatic nerve and pudendal nerve
Which neuron type interpret, plan and coordinate signals In and out
Interneuron
Define neuronal pools
Functional groups of interconnected neurons (interneurons)
What are the 5 patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools
1.divergence
2. convergence
3.serial processing
4.parallel processing
5.reverberation
Define divergence in neuronal pools
Spreads stimulation to many neurons
Which of the neuronal pools brings input from many sources to single neuron
Convergence
Which pattern moves information in a straight line
Serial processing
Which pattern moves same information along several paths simultaneously
Parallel processing
Which pattern provides prolonged, repetitive effect that continues until inhibited
Reverberation
