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anatomy and physiology > Chapter 13 Spinal cord and reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Spinal cord and reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

2 main functions of the spinal cord

A

1.acts as a reflex center
2.carries nerve impulses to and from the brain🧠

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2
Q

Which spinal regions supply shoulders and upper limbs
And which ones supply pelvis and lower limbs

A

Cervical and lumbar regions respectively

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3
Q

Label the dorsal root, ventral root and dorsal root ganglia on an image

A

Answer on the notes

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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how many spinal nerves in each spinal cord region

A

31 pairs
Cervical-8
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral-5

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5
Q

3 functions of the spinal meninges

A

1.isolate spinal cord from surroundings
2.protects by shock absorption
3.carry blood supply

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6
Q

True of false
spinal meninges are continous with cranial meninges

A

True

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6
Q

True of false
spinal meninges are continous with cranial meninges

A

True

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7
Q

List 3 spinal meninges

A
  1. Dura mater
    2.Arachnoid mater
    3.Pia matter
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8
Q

What forms the inner part of the spinal cord

A

Grey matter

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9
Q

What covers the Grey matter

A

White matter

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10
Q

What covers the white matter

A

Pia mater

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11
Q

What covers the Pia matter

A

Arachnoid matter

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12
Q

What covers the arachnoid mater

A

Dura mater

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13
Q

Label diagram showing the posterior view of the spinal cord, and label the meninges, superficial distribution and white and grey matter distribution

A

Answer on notes

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14
Q

Label a sectional view of the spinal cord showing meninges as well

A

Answer on notes

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15
Q

The Dura mater (outer layer) should be strong/tough. What makes it suited for its function

A

It is made up of dense collagen fibres

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16
Q

What makes spinal cord continuous with cranial nerves

A

The spinal dura mater is continous with cranial dura mater

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17
Q

Where in the spinal cord do we find loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and blood vessels

A

Epidural space

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18
Q

Where Is the epidural space found

A

Between spinal dura mater and walls of the vertebral canal

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19
Q

What type of epithelial tissue makes up the arachnoid membrane

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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20
Q

What do we call the space between arachnoid mater and the Dura mater

A

Subdural space

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21
Q

What do we call the space between arachnoid and piano mater

A

Subarachnoid space

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22
Q

In which space do we find the arachnoid trabeculae and the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid space

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23
Q

What are the 3 things carried by the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Dissolved gases
Nutrients
Wastes

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24
Q

Which meningeal layer forms the innermost layer and what substance(s) is it made of

A

Piano mater
Made up of elastic and collagen fibres

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25
Q

Where are the denticulate ligaments found and what is their main function

A

They extend from the Pia mater all the way through to the Dura mater.

Function: stabilize side to side movement

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26
Q

True or false : white matter contains unmyelinted axons only

A

False. White matter contains both myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

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27
Q

Which of the following is not correct about the Gray matter
A.Surrounds central canal of the spinal cord
B.contains cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons.
C. Has both myelinated and unmyelinated axons
D.has projections (gray horns.)

A

C. Gray matter has unmyelinated axons only.

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28
Q

What are the two types of nuclei found in gray matter and description size(using anatomical plane terms i.e ventral or dorsal)

A

Dorsal sensory nuclei and ventral motor nuclei

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29
Q

What is the function of the dorsal sensory nuclei found in gray matter

A

Receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors

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30
Q

What is the function of the dorsal sensory nuclei found in gray matter

A

Receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors

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31
Q

What is the function of the ventral motor nuclei found in gray matter

A

Issue motor commands to peripheral effectors

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of gray horns

A

Posterior
Anterior
And lateral gray horns

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33
Q

Which gray horn is in the thoracic and lumbar region and contains visceral motor nuclei

A

Lateral gray horn

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34
Q

Which nuclei does the posterior gray horn contain

A

Somatic and Visceral sensory nuclei

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35
Q

Which nuclei does the anterior gray horn contain

A

Somatic motor nuclei

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36
Q

What do we call axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other before reaching the gray matter

A

Gray commissures

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37
Q

List 3 columns that make up the white matter

A

1.Posterior white columns
2.Anterior white columns
3.Lateral white columns

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38
Q

Where is the posterior white column found

A

Between Posterior Gray horn and posterior median sulcus

39
Q

Where is the anterior white column found

A

Between the anterior gray horn and anterior median fissure

40
Q

Where is the lateral white column found

A

On each side of the spinal cord, between the anterior and posterior columns

41
Q

Find a picture of a sectional view of a spinal cord and label it

A

Answer on the notes my love ♡

42
Q

Define white matter fasciculi or tracts

A

They are bundles of axons in the CNS that relay same information (sensory and motor) in the same direction

43
Q

What is the difference between ascending and descending tracts

A

Ascending tract carries sensory information to the brain and Descending tract carries motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord

44
Q

What is the function of the 3 connective tissue layers that surround the spinal nerve

A

Supports the structure and contains blood vessels

45
Q

What is the outer connective tissue layer surrounding spinal nerve

A

Epineurium

46
Q

What is the epineurium made of

A

Dense collagen

47
Q

What are the middle and inner connective tissue layers respectively

A

Perineurium and endoneurium

48
Q

Which connective tissue divides nerve into fascicles of axon bundles

A

Perineurium

49
Q

What is the function of the endoneurium

A

Surrounds individual axons

50
Q

Find picture of unlabeled typical peripheral nerve and it’s connective tissue wrappings

A

Answer on notes

51
Q

What are the 2 types of peripheral spinal nerves

A

Sensory and motor nerves

52
Q

Which 2 types of motor fires does the dorsal ramus contain

A

Somatic and visceral motor fires that innervate the back

53
Q

What is the function of the dorsal ramus

A

Carries sensory information to the spinal cord

54
Q

Which one is a larger branch between dorsal and ventral ramus

A

Ventral ramus is a larger branch

55
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ventral ramus

A

1.innervate ventrolateral structures and limbs
2. Carry sensory information to spinal cord

56
Q

Give term for the following description (GCT)
-carries sensors information from skin and skeletal muscles of the back

A

Dorsal ramus

57
Q

GCT Carries sensory information from visceral organs

A

Sympathetic nerve

58
Q

GCT a nerve that connects 2 other nerves and connects spinal nerve to sympathetic trunk

A

Rami communicantes

59
Q

GCT carries sensory information to the spinal cord

A

Dorsal root of spinal cord

60
Q

GCT carries sensory information from the ventrolateral body surface, body wall and limbs

A

Ventral ramus

61
Q

GCT contains axons of somatic motor and visceral motor neurons

A

Ventral root of spinal nerve

62
Q

GCT Forms just lateral to the intervertebral foramen, where the dorsal and the ventral roots unite

A

Spinal nerve

63
Q

What is the difference between somatic and visceral

A

Somatic-innervates muscle, bone and soft tissue
Visceral-innervates internal organs and blood vessels

64
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve carry

A

Sensory information from the visceral organs

65
Q

What is the difference between dorsal and ventral rami in terms of what they carry (sensory)

A

Dorsal ramus-carries sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles of the back
Ventral ramus- carries sensory information from the ventrolateral body surface, body structures, wall and limbs

66
Q

What does the motor ventral root carry

A

Axons of somatic and visceral motor neurons

67
Q

Dorsal root is always on the north or south ? Compared to ventral root

A

North

68
Q

What does the motor dorsal ramus carry

A

Somatic and visceral motor fibres that innervate skin and skeletal muscles of the back

69
Q

Which one is larger between dorsal and ventral rami

A

Ventral ramus

70
Q

What 3 things does ventral ranus supply

A

1.ventrolateral surface, body structure, wall and limbs

71
Q

Which of the following is incorrect about the white ramus communicans

A

A.carries visceral motor fibres to nearby sympathetic ganglion
B.carries myelinated preganglionic neurons
C.it is dark on colour
D.only found between T1 and L2

72
Q

How is a gray ramus communicans different from the white ramus communicans

A
  1. Carries postganglionic fibres
    2.unmyelinated axons
    3.dark in colour.
73
Q

What do the postganglionic fibres innervate

A

Smooth muscles and glands of body wall and limbs

74
Q

Sympathetic nerve supplies thoracic cavity. Does it have post or pre -ganglionic fibres

A

It has both pre and post -ganglionic fibres

75
Q

What are the 4 dermatome areas In order

A

Can (Cervical)
Thabelo (Thoracic
Leave (Lumbar)
Sweets (Sacral)

76
Q

What forms nerve plexuses

A

Blended fibresof ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves

77
Q

What do nerve plexuses innervate

A

Skeletal muscles of the neck and upper & lower limbs

78
Q

What are the 4major pluxes of ventral rami

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

79
Q

How many nerves does each dermatome area have

A

Cervical (1-8)
Thoracic (1-12)
Lumbar (1-5)
Sacral (1-5)

80
Q

Which spinal nerves form cervical plexuses

A

C1- C5

81
Q

What does cervical plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve

A

Neck, thoracic cavity and Diaphragm

Phrenic nerve

82
Q

Which spinal nerves form brachial plexuses

A

C5- T1

83
Q

What does brachial plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve

A

Pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Median nerve and ulnar nerve

84
Q

Which spinal nerves form lumbar plexuses

A

T12- L4

85
Q

What do lumbar plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve

A

Pectoral girdle and lower limbs

Femoral nerve, genitofemoral nerve and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

86
Q

Which spinal nerves form sacral plexuses

A

L4- S4

87
Q

What does sacral plexuses innervate and what is the major nerve

A

Pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Sciatic nerve and pudendal nerve

88
Q

Which neuron type interpret, plan and coordinate signals In and out

A

Interneuron

89
Q

Define neuronal pools

A

Functional groups of interconnected neurons (interneurons)

90
Q

What are the 5 patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools

A

1.divergence
2. convergence
3.serial processing
4.parallel processing
5.reverberation

91
Q

Define divergence in neuronal pools

A

Spreads stimulation to many neurons

92
Q

Which of the neuronal pools brings input from many sources to single neuron

A

Convergence

93
Q

Which pattern moves information in a straight line

A

Serial processing

94
Q

Which pattern moves same information along several paths simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

95
Q

Which pattern provides prolonged, repetitive effect that continues until inhibited

A

Reverberation

anatomy and physiology (8 decks)

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