chapter 13 - social psyc Flashcards
What is social psychology?
Interactions between people and how we connect
What do social situations influence?
Individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
What are intrapersonal topics in social psychology?
Emotions, attitudes, the self, social cognition
What are interpersonal topics in social psychology?
Helping behavior, aggression, prejudice + discrimination, attraction + close relationships, group processes, intergroup relationships
What biological component is associated with social behavior?
Social neuroscience: we’re bio-psycho-social organisms
What is situationism?
Our behavior and actions are determined by immediate environment
What is dispositionism?
Behavior is determined by internal factors (personality traits, temperament)
Define conformity.
Tendency to do something because others are doing it
Who conducted a famous conformity study?
Solomon Asch
Define obedience.
Tendency to do something because powerful people tell us to do it
Who conducted a famous obedience study?
Stanley Milgram
What is normative social influence?
People conform to fit in, feel good, feel accepted
What is informational social influence?
People conform due to believing the group is competent, had right info
What is a social norm?
Group’s expectation of what’s appropriate and acceptable
What is the Asch effect?
Influence of group majority on individual’s judgement
What factors increase conformity?
- Larger size of majority
- Presence of another dissenter
- Public/private nature of responses
What are social roles?
Pattern of behavior expected of person in given setting/group
What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Study on power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
What is cognitive dissonance?
Continuing a behavior or maintaining a belief despite contradicting evidence
Who defined cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
What are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
- Change behavior
- Change beliefs
- Add consonant cognitions
What is post-decision dissonance?
Aroused after making a decision
What is the paradox of choice?
More options makes us doubt if we made the right choice
What is justification of effort?
Tendency of people to increase how much they like something when they worked hard to get it
What is the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?
Interpreting other’s behaviors in terms of internal factors
What is self-serving bias?
Attributing our successes to our abilities and blaming external factors for our failures
What is actor-observer bias?
Blaming the situation for our behavior but blaming internal factors for the same behavior of others
What is confirmation bias?
Searching, interpreting, favoring and recalling info in a way that confirms our beliefs and attitudes
What are the components of attitudes?
- Cognitive: beliefs, ideas
- Affective: emotions, feelings
- Behavioral: predispositions to act
What is implicit attitude?
Unconscious automatic attitudes shaped by past experiences
What is explicit attitude?
Conscious deliberate attitudes shaped by personal experiences
What is persuasion?
Changing someone’s attitudes or beliefs through communication
What are the two routes of persuasion?
- Systemic (central route)
- Heuristic (peripheral route)
What factors influence persuasion?
- Source factors
- Message factors
- Channel factors
- Receiver factors
What is group polarization?
Discussions in like-minded groups lead to extreme views
What is groupthink?
Prioritizing harmony over critical thinking leads to biased decisions
What is stereotyping?
Making assumptions about others based on their category
What is stereotype threat?
Fear of confirming negative stereotype, causing anxiety and stress
What is discrimination?
Positive/negative behavior towards others based on group membership
What is the bystander effect?
People don’t help in emergencies when others are present
What is diffusion of responsibility?
People feel less accountable for their actions in a group
What is deindividuation?
Losing sense of individuality in a group leads to extreme behaviors
What is prejudice?
Positive/negative evaluation of others based on group membership
What is scapegoat theory?
Blaming others to vent anger during bad situations
What factors promote helping behavior?
- Person seems deserving
- Similarity to us
- Small town/rural area
- Feeling guilt
- Seeing others help
- Not in a hurry
- In a good mood
What are the steps in bystander intervention?
- Attention
- Appraisal
- Social role
- Taking action
