Chapter 13: Social Behavior and Sociality Flashcards
4 general kinds of social behavior that can take place between two individuals
1) mutual benefit 2) altruism 3) selfishness 4) spite
what is mutual benefit
when both individuals receive a fitness benefit. (+/+)
what is altruism
when the recipient receives a benefit and the donor pays a cost (-/+)
what is selfishness
when the donor benefits and the recipient pays a cost (+/-)
spite
occurs when both the donor and recipient pay a cost (-/-)
cooperation includes both ___ and ___ ___
altruism and mutual benefit
describe the phenomena of mutual benefit in the paper wasp polistes dominula
Females that help an unrelated foundress female have a chance of inheriting the colony from the dominant foundress. Inheritors often acquire a well-defended colony with helper, and as a result they generally reproduce more successfully than solitary foundresses so even though helpers are unrelated, they still help the queen reproduce and take care of the colony because they will receive a reward (inheritance) later on. (postponsed cooperation
post poned cooperation
when an individual eventually gains access to a resource controlled by another individual because of its prior help
explain the stange mutual benefit seen in buntings
An unusual form of cooperation occurs in Lazuli buntings, where yearling males (dull coloured) are tolerated by dominant males (brightly coloured) and allowed to establish a neighboring nesting territory. the dominant males often mate with the females that belong to the dull males, and the dull males often end up helping rear some of the dominant males chicks. BUT; he still gets a benefit because he raises some of his own, too. If he were to be intermediately colored, it is likely the dominant male owuld push him so far out to a bad territory that he wouldn’t mate at all. therefore it is a mutual benefit because both dominant and yearling male get increased reproductive access.
explain cooperativity and mutual benefit in Manakin birds
males cooperate together to perform a duet for a receptive female to put on a “grand show.” they often partner up with a “friend of a friend,” or other males of neighboring leks (not complete stranger males). of the duo, one male is alpha and the other is beta. if, after the performance, the female wants to mate, the beta bird takes off and lets the alpha copulate with the female the beta male receives his benefit later; when the alpha male dies, the beta male gets to be the alpha, and he’ll have a new “beta.” He copulates as frequently as his predecessor did, presumably because females attracted to the duo in the past return to the display arena when receptive
Altruism among non-kin is rare among animals except when the benefits are _____
Altruism among non-kin is rare among animals except when the benefits are POSTPONED
In long-tailed manakins, some superficially self-sacrificing behaviours advance the reproductive chances of at least some patiently helpful individuals that survive long enough to graduate to alpha status: this arrangement is called:
postponed cooperation
reciprocal altuism
individuals that are helped generally return the favors the receive- eventually. also just known as reciprocity.
reciprocity will occur only among individuals that remain together long enough for:
the helpful act to be later repaid.
example of reciprocity in primates.
grooming behaviour of group-living primates where the roles of groomer and groomee are switched over time; OR grooming (by the female) may be exchanged for protection by the male
indirect reciprocity
when third part observers that witness a helpful act are more likely to help those that have helped others. can be used to explain why some individuals develop copperative reputations.
discuss reciprocity in vampire bats
Blood meal sharing in vampire bats is explained by reciprocity. Individuals ensure against future starvation if they share blood with a neighbour after a successful night of feeding, assuming that another individual in the colony reciprocates with them after they have had an unsuccessful night of feeding some time in the future.
why is reciprocity rare
because of cheating. cheating is more beneficial for the cheater because they recieve and dont need to give this is known as the prisoner’s dilemma
basics of game theory
1) A game is an interaction between two or more players 2) Each player chooses between two or more strategies 3) For every set of choices, each player gets a specific payoff
pareto optimal and nash equilbrium of game theory
pareto: both prisoners cooperate and receive a small punishment each - you cannot increase the reward to one player without decreasing the reward to another nash: both defect and the punishment for mutual defection is 5 years in prison The situation where NO player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy
____ is the evolutionarily stable strategy
DEFECTION. Which is too bad because both would do better if they both cooperated and kept their mouth shut. This is a barrier to cooperation. In biological systems, everyone benefits from being in a cooperative group, but each can do better by defecting. Cooperation is (sadly) often unstable because of the constant worry of cheating and not receiving help after giving
Explain inclusive fitness and the pied kingfisher
African pied kingfishers nest in colonies alongside lakes and rivers Some year-old males DO NOT find mates and become PRIMARY HELPERS to their MOTHERS, helping to raise siblings
Primary helpers deliver more calories per day in fish to a nesting female and her offspring than do secondary helpers, which are not related to the breeders they assist.
Alternatively, they could help unrelated pairs raise offspring (secondary helpers), or they could not help anyone and delay breeding (delayers)
Being a primary helper is hard work and the survival of primary helpers is LOWER than that of secondary helpers or delayers, BUT THEY HAVE ADVANTAGES: Although being a primary helper reduces survival to the second year, the extra inclusive fitness from being a primary helper (0.58 units), more than compensates the loss of direct fitness in the second year. (0.58+0.41 in primaries is larger than the 0.84 benefit in secondaries)
Image: Primary helper with the brood present -à 1.8 kids of the alpha SURVIVE. R=0.32 in relatedness. Therefore the inclusive fitness benefit that primary helpers get when they help raise the kids is 0.58 for first year benefit.
Secondary helpers do not get any inclusive benefit in the first year- they help the alpha parents raise 1.3 more kids, but there is no degree of relatedness to them.
explain habitat saturation in seychelles warblers
habitat saturation is when there is a limited number of breeding sites because most of the best sites are already occupied by other members of that species.
In image; Population territories is heading to a carrying capacity (120 terriroties on the island). This splitting of the lines indicates cooperative breeding. Kids were delaying moving from the nest”delaying dispersal” and help take care of siblings rather than moving out and trying to find a territory on their own that might not exist because of environmental limiting factors. There is population growth desbite habitat saturation
