chapter 13 section a Flashcards

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1
Q

The _________ are vast bodies of salt water that desperate the continents. They cover about 71% of the earth’s surface and hold over 97% of all the water on the planet.

A

oceans

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2
Q

_________ are marine scientists and engineers from almost every field who work to better understand and use the oceans.

A

oceanographers

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3
Q

_________ _________ investigate the plant and animal life in every ocean environment.

A

Marine biologists

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4
Q

___________ study the influence of the oceans on weather and climate.

A

meteorologists

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5
Q

___________ analyze the distribution of various elements and compounds in the oceans and the ways those chemicals affect ocean processes.

A

Chemists

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6
Q

____________ model the distribution of energy in the oceans and the motion of its great currents.

A

Physicists

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7
Q

____________ ____________ develop methods and vehicles to investigate and use the oceans.

A

marine engineers

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8
Q

means suitable for drinking

A

potable

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9
Q

a large section of ocean mostly surrounded by land or islands is called a ________.

A

sea

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10
Q

__________ are the largest bodies of water, separating the continents.
__________ are small-to-large bodies of sea-water, usually partly or completely surrounded by land.
__________ are similar to seas, but they are usually smaller.
__________ are generally smaller than gulfs.
__________ are narrow ocean passages separating bodies of land.

A

oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, straits

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11
Q

________ _______ _______ is the height of the ocean’s surface at a given point on the earth’s surface. It changes mainly with the tides, but passing weather systems and storm waves affect it too. Or, an always-changing height of the ocean surface at a given location.

A

Local sea level

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12
Q

Oceanographers measure local sea level with ______ ______ mounted along shorelines, or from satellites far above the ocean using radar.

A

tide gauges

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13
Q

Mean (or average) ______ ______—what most people call “______ ______”—is the computed average height of high and low tides at a location. Mean ______ ______ (MSL) is the zero height that cartographers and aircraft pilots use to measure elevation.

A

sea level

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14
Q

Scientists estimate that MSL has risen at an average
rate of ____ mm per year over the past 100 years, so this recent
change suggests that something new must be affecting MSL.

A

1.8

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15
Q

Water ________ as it gets warmer, so that would make the sea level ________.

A

expands, higher

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16
Q

A ________ is a strip of land that separates the coastal region from the ocean.

A

shore

17
Q

The __________ is an ever-changing place that extends underwater beyond the shore. 🫧

A

beach

18
Q

The ________ is the area where only the highest tides or storm waves can reach. It is usually soft, coarse sand, or large cobbles left by the largest storm waves.

A

berm

19
Q

The zone between the high- and low-tide shorelines is the ________ ________. It may be wet, compact sand or fine pebbles.

A

beach face

20
Q

Beyond the beach zone, the bottom slopes out gently from the continent, forming a __________ __________. They are the submerged edges of continental plates.

A

continental shelf

21
Q

The __________ __________’s upper edge is the beginning of the deep ocean basin.

A

continental slope

22
Q

Young-earth oceanographerz believe __________ __________ were carved by currents of water full of sediment flowing off the continents late in the Flood.

A

submarine canyons

23
Q

A _________ __________ is a smooth transition from the continental slope to the deep, relatively flat ocean floor.

A

continental rise

24
Q

The relatively flat, deep sea floor is the _________ _________.

A

abyssal plain

25
Q

The relatively flat, deep sea floor is the _________ _________.

A

abyssal plain

26
Q

Oceanographers
study the makeup and history of the sediments by removing
long cylindrical samples called __________ __________.

A

sediment cores

27
Q

Every ocean basin has one or more __________ __________. As you learned earlier, these are submerged mountain ranges at the margins of diverging tec- tonic plates. They formed when the mantle pushed up on long, faulted sections of sea-floor crust that line both sides of the plate margins.

A

mid-ocean ridges

28
Q

__________ __________ usually have a relatively steep slope on the side towards the continental plates and a gentle slope on the seawrd side.

A

oceaning trenches

29
Q

long, curved strings of volcanic islands formed by submarine volcanoes breaking the ocean surface

A

island arcs

30
Q

_______ _______ are important marine geologic features that form from the activities of animals. _______ are tiny animals that usually live in warm ocean waters. They live in groups called colonies.

A

coral reefs, coral

31
Q

Coral reefs that grow right up to the beach along a coastline are _________ _________.

A

fringing reefs

32
Q

_________ reefs are farther from the land. They form a lagoon between the reef and the land.

A

Barrier

33
Q

An _______ is a ring of low coral islands and reefs surrounding a central lagoon. Geologists believe that most of these began as barrier or fringing reefs around volcanic islands.

A

atoll