Chapter 13 PPT The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 functions of the blood?
A
Transportation, Regulation, Protection
2
Q
What does the blood transport?
A
Gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
3
Q
What does the blood regulate?
A
pH, overall fluid volume, fluid composition, heat
4
Q
What does the blood protect you from?
A
disease, blood loss
5
Q
What is the pH range of blood?
A
7.35 - 7.45
6
Q
Blood is classified as _______
A
liquid connective tissue
7
Q
What is blood made up of?
A
Plasma (liquid portion)
Formed elements (cellular portion made in red bone marrow)
8
Q
Whole blood is _____% ________
and
_____% __________
A
55% plasma
45% formed elements
9
Q
The composition of plasma in blood is _____% ________
and _____% ________
and _____% ________
A
91% water
8% proteins
1% other
10
Q
The composition of the formed elements in blood is _____% ________
and _____% ________
A
99.1% erythrocytes
0.9% leukocytes and platelets
11
Q
What are the components of plasma?
A
Water
Protein
-Albumin
-Clotting factors
-Antibodies
-Complement
12
Q
What is the most abundant part in blood?
A
Erythrocytes - red blood cells
13
Q
Why are erythrocytes described as biconcave
A
They are a donut shape with indentations on both sides of the red blood cell
14
Q
What does the hemoglobin in red blood cells do?
A
-binds to oxygen for transport
-carries hydrogen ions for buffering
-carries carbon dioxide for elimination
15
Q
What are the two main components of blood?
A
16
Q
Next to water, what is the most abundant type of substance in plasma?
A
17
Q
Where do blood cells form, and from which stem cell type are they produced?
A
18
Q
What is the main function of hemoglobin?
A
19
Q
What is the signal in the feedback loop controlling in red cell production?
and
What is the regulated variable?
A
20
Q
What is the medical name for red blood cells?
A
Erythrocytes
21
Q
What is the medical name for white blood cells?
A
Leukocytes
22
Q
Describe what a white blood cell looks like
A
colorless, round, with prominent nuclei
23
Q
What are the components of white blood cells?
A
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
24
Q
What do white blood cells do?
A
Clear body of foreign material, cellular debris, and pathogens
25
Cell Type: Neutrophil
Percentage: __________
Function: __________
54-62%
phagocytosis
26
Cell Type: Eosinophil
Percentage: __________
Function: __________
1-3%
Allergic reactions
Defense against parasites
27
Cell Type: Basophil
Percentage: __________
Function: __________
Less than 1%
Allergic reactions
Inflammatory reactions
28
Cell Type: Lymphocyte
Percentage: __________
Function: __________
25-38%
Immunity (T and B cells)
29
Cell Type: Monocyte
Percentage: __________
Function: __________
3-7%
Phagocytosis
Mature in macrophages
30
What type of epithelium makes up the capillary wall?
31
What is the medical name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
31
What are the three types of granular leukocytes?
31
WHat are the two types or agranular leukocytes?
32
What are platelets?
-smallest formed element
-not cells (no nuclei or DNA)
-fragments release from megakaryocytes
-essential for blood coagulation (clotting)
33
What is the most important function of leukocytes?
34
What is the function of blood platelets?
35
What iron-containing protein transports oxygen?
Hemoglobin
36
What does hemostasis do?
Prevents blood loss when blood vessel ruptures
37
Events of hemostatis include _________
-Contraction of smooth muscle in the damaged blood vessel wall
-Formation of a platelet plug
-Formation of a blood clot
-Formation of prothrombinase
-Prothrombinase stimulates the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
-THrombin stimulates the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
38
What part of the word prothrombinase indicates that it is an enzyme?
39
What part of the word prothrombin indicates that it is a precursor?
40
What is the general term for the process that stops blood loss?
41
What substance in the blood forms a clot?
42
How does serum differ from blood plasma?
43
What is the 3-step sequence for hemostasis?
Vessel contraction, plug formation, blood clot
44
True or false? (if false, why?)
Blood types are compatible with other blood types
False. Blood types must be compatible for blood transfusion from donor to patient
45
Antigen type is determined by ______, therefore blood type is _________
genes
hereditary
45
What is the medical term for blood type antigens?
Agglutinins
46
What are blood type antigens?
Proteins or glycoproteins on red cells
-A and B antigens
-Rh factor
47
Blood type: A
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____
antigen: A
reacts: anti-a
Antibodies: anti-b
take from: A, O
donate to: A, AB
48
Blood type: B
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____
antigen: B
reacts: anti-B
Antibodies: anti-A
take from: B, O
donate to: B, AB
49
Blood type: AB
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____
antigen: A, B
reacts: anti-a, anti-b
Antibodies: none
take from: AB, A, B, O
donate to: AB
50
Blood type: O
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____
antigen: none
reacts: none
Antibodies: anti-a, anti-b
take from: O
donate to: O, A, B, AB
51
If a cell is Rh-positive, is there agglutination?
Yes
52
If a cell is Rh-negative, is there agglutination?
No
53
Explain Rh Factor
-Red cell antigen group Rh (D antigen)
-Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen
-Rh-negative blood lacks Rh antigen
-Rh-negative individuals make Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh-positive blood (Rh-sensitized)
-Rh-sensitized individuals react to Rh-positive cells
-Rh incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)
54
Safest blood transfusion is with _____blood type
the same
54
Type O negative blood can be give to
any A-B-O type
55
What is the term for any substance that activates an immune response?
56
What are the four ABO blood types?
57
What blood factor is associated with incompatibility during pregnancy?
58
List four possible reasons for transfusions of whole blood and blood components
59
Blood can be stored in blood banks for up to ____ days with what stipulations?
35 days
anticlotting solution added
expiration date added
60
Blood can be donated before ______
elective surgery
61
What is autologous blood?
Blood donated before elective surgery
62
When can you give whole blood transfusions?
- Used for loss or large volume of blood
- Massive hemorrhage from serious injuries
- During internal bleeding
- During or after an operation
- Blood replacement in the treatment of HDN
63
________separates plasma from formed elements.
Centrifuge
64
________ keeps desired blood elements and returns remainder to donor
Hemapheresis
65
________ keeps plasma and returns formed elements to donor.
Plasmapheresis
66
What are the uses of plasma?
- replace blood volume
- treat circulatory failure (shock)
- treat plasma protein deficiency
- replace clotting factors
- provide needed antibodies
67
Abnormal blood cell counts in: all blood cell lines
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____
Pancytopenia
causes: bone marrow suppression
radiation exposure
chronic disease of kidney or liver
rheumatoid arthritis
viral infection
68
Abnormal blood cell counts in: all blood cell lines
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____
Polycythemia
causes: cancer of bone marrow
69
Abnormal blood cell counts in: erythrocytes
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____
Anemia
causes: hemorrhage
hemolytic disease
nutritional deficiency
lack of intrinsic factor
bone marrow suppression
toxins
radiation
70
Abnormal blood cell counts in : erythrocytes
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____
Polycythemia rubra
causes: high altitude living
bone marrow cancer
70
Abnormal blood cell counts in : leukocytes
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____
Leukopenia
causes: immune deficiency disease
leukemia
vitamin deficiencies
71
Abnormal blood cell counts in : leukocytes
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____
Leukocytosis
causes: leukemia
lymphoma
bone marrow cancer
infection
hemorrhage
gout
kidney disease
72
Abnormal blood cell counts in : platelets
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____
thrombocytopenia
causes: bone marrow disorder
liver disorders
toxins
radiation,
chemotherapy
73
Abnormal blood cell counts in : platelets
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____
thrombocytosis
causes: cancer of megakaryocytes (platelet precursor cells)
74
75
What are the two major causes or anemia (hemoglobin deficiency)?
-Excessive loss or destruction of red cells
-hemorrhagic anemia
-hemolytic anemia
-sickle cell anemia
-Impaired production of red cells or hemoglobin
-nutritional anemia
-pernicious anemia
-thalassemia
-bone marrow supression
76
Leukemia is characterized by __________
an enormous increase in white cells
77
What are the two types of leukemia?
Myelogenous leukemia
Lymphocytic leukemia
78
Myelogenous leukemia is from _____
bone marrow
79
Lymphocytic leukemia is from _____
lymphoid tissue
80
_______ are sometimes successful in restoring blood-producing stem cells lost after leukemia treatment
Bone marrow transplants
81
Define blood clotting diorder
abnormal bleeding through disruption of coagulation process
81
start on slide 61 of 85
82
What is leukemia?
82
List 4 types of clotting disorders
-hemophilia
-von Willebrand disease
-thrombocytopenia
-disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
83
What is anemia?
84
What blood components are low in cases of thrombocytopenia?
85
What are 6 types of tests used to study blood?
complete blood count
metabolic panel
lipid panel
A1C
TSH
Vitamin D
86
What is a hematocrit blood study, how is it performed, and what are the ranges?
mL of red cells per 100mL of whole blood
performed in centrifuge
adult range for men: 42-54%
adult range for women: 36-46%
87
begin slide 68 of 85
88
Hematocrit 45% = _______
Hematocrit 30% = _______
Hematocrit 60% = _______
Hematocrit 60% will less than 100 mL avail to test = _______
normal
anemia
polycythemia rubra
dehydration
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