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Nursing Foundations Lab > Chapter 13 PPT The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 13 PPT The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the blood?

A

Transportation, Regulation, Protection

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2
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

Gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones

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3
Q

What does the blood regulate?

A

pH, overall fluid volume, fluid composition, heat

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4
Q

What does the blood protect you from?

A

disease, blood loss

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5
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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6
Q

Blood is classified as _______

A

liquid connective tissue

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7
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Plasma (liquid portion)
Formed elements (cellular portion made in red bone marrow)

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8
Q

Whole blood is _____% ________
and
_____% __________

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements

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9
Q

The composition of plasma in blood is _____% ________
and _____% ________
and _____% ________

A

91% water
8% proteins
1% other

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10
Q

The composition of the formed elements in blood is _____% ________
and _____% ________

A

99.1% erythrocytes
0.9% leukocytes and platelets

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11
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A

Water
Protein
-Albumin
-Clotting factors
-Antibodies
-Complement

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12
Q

What is the most abundant part in blood?

A

Erythrocytes - red blood cells

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13
Q

Why are erythrocytes described as biconcave

A

They are a donut shape with indentations on both sides of the red blood cell

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14
Q

What does the hemoglobin in red blood cells do?

A

-binds to oxygen for transport
-carries hydrogen ions for buffering
-carries carbon dioxide for elimination

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15
Q

What are the two main components of blood?

A
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16
Q

Next to water, what is the most abundant type of substance in plasma?

A
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17
Q

Where do blood cells form, and from which stem cell type are they produced?

A
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18
Q

What is the main function of hemoglobin?

A
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19
Q

What is the signal in the feedback loop controlling in red cell production?
and
What is the regulated variable?

A
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20
Q

What is the medical name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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21
Q

What is the medical name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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22
Q

Describe what a white blood cell looks like

A

colorless, round, with prominent nuclei

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23
Q

What are the components of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)

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24
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Clear body of foreign material, cellular debris, and pathogens

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25
Q

Cell Type: Neutrophil
Percentage: __________
Function: __________

A

54-62%
phagocytosis

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26
Q

Cell Type: Eosinophil
Percentage: __________
Function: __________

A

1-3%
Allergic reactions
Defense against parasites

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27
Q

Cell Type: Basophil
Percentage: __________
Function: __________

A

Less than 1%
Allergic reactions
Inflammatory reactions

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28
Q

Cell Type: Lymphocyte
Percentage: __________
Function: __________

A

25-38%
Immunity (T and B cells)

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29
Q

Cell Type: Monocyte
Percentage: __________
Function: __________

A

3-7%
Phagocytosis
Mature in macrophages

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30
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the capillary wall?

A
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31
Q

What is the medical name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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31
Q

What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

A
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31
Q

WHat are the two types or agranular leukocytes?

A
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32
Q

What are platelets?

A

-smallest formed element
-not cells (no nuclei or DNA)
-fragments release from megakaryocytes
-essential for blood coagulation (clotting)

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33
Q

What is the most important function of leukocytes?

A
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34
Q

What is the function of blood platelets?

A
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35
Q

What iron-containing protein transports oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

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36
Q

What does hemostasis do?

A

Prevents blood loss when blood vessel ruptures

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37
Q

Events of hemostatis include _________

A

-Contraction of smooth muscle in the damaged blood vessel wall
-Formation of a platelet plug
-Formation of a blood clot
-Formation of prothrombinase
-Prothrombinase stimulates the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
-THrombin stimulates the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

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38
Q

What part of the word prothrombinase indicates that it is an enzyme?

A
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39
Q

What part of the word prothrombin indicates that it is a precursor?

A
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40
Q

What is the general term for the process that stops blood loss?

A
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41
Q

What substance in the blood forms a clot?

A
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42
Q

How does serum differ from blood plasma?

A
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43
Q

What is the 3-step sequence for hemostasis?

A

Vessel contraction, plug formation, blood clot

44
Q

True or false? (if false, why?)
Blood types are compatible with other blood types

A

False. Blood types must be compatible for blood transfusion from donor to patient

45
Q

Antigen type is determined by ______, therefore blood type is _________

A

genes
hereditary

45
Q

What is the medical term for blood type antigens?

A

Agglutinins

46
Q

What are blood type antigens?

A

Proteins or glycoproteins on red cells
-A and B antigens
-Rh factor

47
Q

Blood type: A
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____

A

antigen: A
reacts: anti-a
Antibodies: anti-b
take from: A, O
donate to: A, AB

48
Q

Blood type: B
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____

A

antigen: B
reacts: anti-B
Antibodies: anti-A
take from: B, O
donate to: B, AB

49
Q

Blood type: AB
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____

A

antigen: A, B
reacts: anti-a, anti-b
Antibodies: none
take from: AB, A, B, O
donate to: AB

50
Q

Blood type: O
Red blood cell antigen: _____
Reacts with antiserum: _____
Plasma antibodies: _____
Can Take from: _____
Can Donate to: _____

A

antigen: none
reacts: none
Antibodies: anti-a, anti-b
take from: O
donate to: O, A, B, AB

51
Q

If a cell is Rh-positive, is there agglutination?

A

Yes

52
Q

If a cell is Rh-negative, is there agglutination?

A

No

53
Q

Explain Rh Factor

A

-Red cell antigen group Rh (D antigen)
-Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen
-Rh-negative blood lacks Rh antigen
-Rh-negative individuals make Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh-positive blood (Rh-sensitized)
-Rh-sensitized individuals react to Rh-positive cells
-Rh incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)

54
Q

Safest blood transfusion is with _____blood type

A

the same

54
Q

Type O negative blood can be give to

A

any A-B-O type

55
Q

What is the term for any substance that activates an immune response?

A
56
Q

What are the four ABO blood types?

A
57
Q

What blood factor is associated with incompatibility during pregnancy?

A
58
Q

List four possible reasons for transfusions of whole blood and blood components

A
59
Q

Blood can be stored in blood banks for up to ____ days with what stipulations?

A

35 days
anticlotting solution added
expiration date added

60
Q

Blood can be donated before ______

A

elective surgery

61
Q

What is autologous blood?

A

Blood donated before elective surgery

62
Q

When can you give whole blood transfusions?

A
  • Used for loss or large volume of blood
  • Massive hemorrhage from serious injuries
  • During internal bleeding
  • During or after an operation
  • Blood replacement in the treatment of HDN
63
Q

________separates plasma from formed elements.

A

Centrifuge

64
Q

________ keeps desired blood elements and returns remainder to donor

A

Hemapheresis

65
Q

________ keeps plasma and returns formed elements to donor.

A

Plasmapheresis

66
Q

What are the uses of plasma?

A
  • replace blood volume
  • treat circulatory failure (shock)
  • treat plasma protein deficiency
  • replace clotting factors
  • provide needed antibodies
67
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in: all blood cell lines
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____

A

Pancytopenia
causes: bone marrow suppression
radiation exposure
chronic disease of kidney or liver
rheumatoid arthritis
viral infection

68
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in: all blood cell lines
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____

A

Polycythemia
causes: cancer of bone marrow

69
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in: erythrocytes
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____

A

Anemia
causes: hemorrhage
hemolytic disease
nutritional deficiency
lack of intrinsic factor
bone marrow suppression
toxins
radiation

70
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in : erythrocytes
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____

A

Polycythemia rubra
causes: high altitude living
bone marrow cancer

70
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in : leukocytes
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____

A

Leukopenia
causes: immune deficiency disease
leukemia
vitamin deficiencies

71
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in : leukocytes
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____

A

Leukocytosis
causes: leukemia
lymphoma
bone marrow cancer
infection
hemorrhage
gout
kidney disease

72
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in : platelets
deficiency: _____
Causes of deficiency: _____

A

thrombocytopenia
causes: bone marrow disorder
liver disorders
toxins
radiation,
chemotherapy

73
Q

Abnormal blood cell counts in : platelets
in excess: _____
Causes of excess: _____

A

thrombocytosis
causes: cancer of megakaryocytes (platelet precursor cells)

74
Q
A
75
Q

What are the two major causes or anemia (hemoglobin deficiency)?

A

-Excessive loss or destruction of red cells
-hemorrhagic anemia
-hemolytic anemia
-sickle cell anemia
-Impaired production of red cells or hemoglobin
-nutritional anemia
-pernicious anemia
-thalassemia
-bone marrow supression

76
Q

Leukemia is characterized by __________

A

an enormous increase in white cells

77
Q

What are the two types of leukemia?

A

Myelogenous leukemia
Lymphocytic leukemia

78
Q

Myelogenous leukemia is from _____

A

bone marrow

79
Q

Lymphocytic leukemia is from _____

A

lymphoid tissue

80
Q

_______ are sometimes successful in restoring blood-producing stem cells lost after leukemia treatment

A

Bone marrow transplants

81
Q

Define blood clotting diorder

A

abnormal bleeding through disruption of coagulation process

81
Q

start on slide 61 of 85

A
82
Q

What is leukemia?

A
82
Q

List 4 types of clotting disorders

A

-hemophilia
-von Willebrand disease
-thrombocytopenia
-disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

83
Q

What is anemia?

A
84
Q

What blood components are low in cases of thrombocytopenia?

A
85
Q

What are 6 types of tests used to study blood?

A

complete blood count
metabolic panel
lipid panel
A1C
TSH
Vitamin D

86
Q

What is a hematocrit blood study, how is it performed, and what are the ranges?

A

mL of red cells per 100mL of whole blood
performed in centrifuge
adult range for men: 42-54%
adult range for women: 36-46%

87
Q

begin slide 68 of 85

A
88
Q

Hematocrit 45% = _______
Hematocrit 30% = _______
Hematocrit 60% = _______
Hematocrit 60% will less than 100 mL avail to test = _______

A

normal
anemia
polycythemia rubra
dehydration

89
Q
A
90
Q
A
90
Q
A
91
Q
A
92
Q
A
93
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q
A
96
Q
A
97
Q
A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A
100
Q
A
101
Q
A
102
Q
A

Nursing Foundations Lab (9 decks)

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