Chapter 13- Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Question 1

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 1

Creates clones that are identical to each other and the parent cell, involves mitosis.

Question 2

True or false: asexual reproduction is less efficient than sexual reproduction.

Answer 2

False, it rapid and efficient

Question 3

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 3

binary fission

Question 4

How does sexual reproduction work?

Answer 4

gametes fuse to form a zygote

Question 5

What is the process of halving the number of chromosomes called?

Answer 5

meiosis

Question 6

What are somatic cells?

Answer 6

any cell that is not involved in reproduction, they are diploid

Question 7

What are the partners of a chromosome called?

Answer 7

homologous chromosomes

Question 8

how many total chromosomes are in humans?

Answer 8

46

Question 9

What are polypoid cells?

Answer 9

when cells have extra sets of chromosomes (3n or more)

Question 10

True or false: Polypoid cells are fatal in animals but common in plants

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What happens in Meiosis 1-Prophase 1

Answer 11

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and homologous chromosomes pair together

Question 12

What is the result of meiosis 1-prophase 1

Answer 12

tetrad, 4 total chromatids

Question 13

What is crossing over/genetic recombination?

Answer 13

when genetic material is exchanged between chromatids

Question 14

In meiosis 1-prophase 1, what are sister chromatids held together by?

Answer 14

centromeres

Question 15

What happens in meiosis 1-metaphase 1?

Answer 15

tetrads line up along the midplane of the cell

Question 16

What happens in Meiosis 1-Anaphase 1?

Answer 16

homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles

Question 17

What happens in Meiosis 1-Telophase 1?

Answer 17

mitotic spindle fibers disintegrate, chromosomes partially decondense, and nuclear membranes can form around genetic material

Question 18

What is interkinesis?

Answer 18

the period between meiosis 1 and 2

Question 19

What happens in Meiosis 2-Prophase 2?

Answer 19

chromatin partially decondense after Meiosis 1

Question 20

What happens in Meiosis 2 - Metaphase 2?

Answer 20

chromosomes line up at midplane of cell, sister chromatids are connected by kinetochores

Question 21

What happens in meiosis 2 - anaphase 2?

Answer 21

sister chromatids segregate toward opposing poles

Question 22

What happens in meiosis 2 - telophase 2?

Answer 22

mitotic spindle fibers disintegrate, chromosomes decondense, cytokinesis can now occur

Question 23

what are spores?

Answer 23

produced from meiosis divide via mitosis to form a haploid gametophyte

Question 24

what are mutations?

Answer 24

alternations in nucleic acid sequence

Question 25

True or false: All mutations are bad

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What is Muller's Ratchet?

Answer 26

asexual populations tend to accumulate harmful mutations by chance over time, with no good way of eliminating them

Question 27

what is DNA repair?

Answer 27

many species reproduce sexually only during times of stress

Question 28

What is the red queen?

Answer 28

sex allows for populations to "store genetic diversity" so that it is available for each generation