Chapter 13 Islam Flashcards
hadith
interprets the Quran and how it affects the way you live your life
umma
community of the faithful
hijra
Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina
omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent
Allah was …. all knowing, everywhere, all powerful
sharia
islamic law (strict behavioral expectations)
caliph
successor of Muhammad
leader of the Umma
sunni
majority
shia
believed every caliph should descend from Ali
dar-al-islam
world of Islam
ulama
religious scholars
sultan
turkish leader of the islamic region
madrasa
secular or religious educational institution
natural reason
islamic people did not believe that religion contradicts science
qadis
islamic judges
sufi
- group of missionaries and islamic mystics
- did not find formal religious teachings to be especially meaningful
quran
holy book; revelations of Muhammad
jihad
internal struggle
was Muhammad monotheistic or polytheistic?
monotheistic
Abraham was the ….
founder of the three main monotheistic religions
Mecca was…
an important economic center
what differentiated tribal communities?
were less patriarchal, women had prominent roles
true/false: every single person was essential in a tribal community
true
divine unity was…
- more than monotheism: had one idol
- no more tribal divisions, brought everyone together as one
muslim
one that submits to god
did the Quran support images of Allah?
no, did not consent on religious depictions of Allah
what was the hardest part to believe about the Quran?
rebirth and idea of eternal damnation for breaking islamic laws
what year started the muslim calendar and what started it?
622; Muhammad’s migration to Medina
what did Muhammad destroy in Mecca?
destroyed the idols therefore destroying the independent order of tribes
which city fell into despair after Muhammad’s death?
Medina
five pillars of islam:
1) Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his prophet.
2) They must pray to Allah daily while facing Mecca.
3) They must observe a fast during the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan.
4) They must contribute alms for the relief of the weak and poor.
5) Those who are physically and financially able must undertake the hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca.
Abu Bakra was.. (4)
head of state for Islamic community, chief judge, religious leader, and military commander
what caused a dramatic expansion of Islam?
when Muslim armies attacked Byzantine and Sassanid (both were worn out from struggle with each other)
what was an advantage of the Umayyad central capital?
allowed for maintaining better communication with the vast and expanding Islamic region
what caused the decline of the Umayyad?
caliphs devoted themselves increasingly to luxury and less to zealous leadership of the umma
Abu al-Abbas was…
- 1st of Abbasid dynasty
- allied readily with Shias and with Muslims who were not Arabs
abassid dynasty
- no longer conquering, but empire grew culturally
- did not show special favor to military aristocracy
what did ulama’s and quads’ ensure in Baghdad?
ensured widespread observance of Islamic values
Harun al-Rashid was…
- high point of Abbasid dynasty
- distributed money to poor, provided liberal support for artists, etc.
what caused the decline of the Abassid?
-civil war between Harun’s sons
governors rebelled and built -increased their power by building own power bases
-uprisings and peasant rebellions weakened dynasty
what was good about transplanted crops?
are well in high heat; were able to grow year-round
what encouraged experimentation with agricultural methods?
travel and communication
what “new” industry arose during agricultural and urban boom? what did it facilitate?
- paper industry
- facilitated keeping of administrative and commercial records
why did dynasty rulers maintain travel roads?
they provided splendid routes for militate forces and administrative officials
why were camels ideal for trade travel?
they could endure the rigors of the desert and could carry heavy loads
what did banks do in the Islamic empire? (3)
- lent money to entrepreneurs
- served as brokers
- exchanged different currencies
how did Islamic law protect entrepreneurs?
provided security by explicitly recognizing certain forms of business organization
veiling women was a sign of…
modesty; male dominance
what did Muhammad give hope for?
gave hope to something after life (salvation)
Al-Ghazali…
- persian theologist
- argued that human reason was too frail to understand nature of Allah
