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PSYC 365 > Chapter 13 - Interventions for Children > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Interventions for Children Flashcards

1
Q

was is the parent-therapist alliance related with in therapy

A

participating more in services and canceling fewer sessions

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2
Q

what is the youth-therapist alliance related with?

A

reports of improvements in symptoms

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3
Q

It is unlikely that a youth will request psychological services.. why?

A
  • they cant consent (depending on the context)
  • they are not always willing / didn’t choose or have a say.
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4
Q

what are some different factors that can determine consent around children’s intervention?

A

age criterion = in some places children under 12 cant receive services if there is not consent.

no age criterion (in textbook) / older teens 15+ (from lecture)
= psychologist must assess if the kid is able to understand what will occur in treatment before they are legally able to proceed (give informed consent)

& is included in legislation that deals with educational services, health services and child protection

  • psychologist must be aware of specific legislation
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5
Q

What is the issue with adults often providing referrals for kids?

A
  • they choose the services
  • might be disagreement on problem and solution
    (e.g., separated parents)
    (e.g., parent / kid disagreements)
  • both parents need to consent to treatment
  • the parent is also often a client of the psychologist.
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6
Q

What is ‘assent’

A

what children give instead of ‘consent’

they cant consent, but you still want to talk them through what is going to happen in therapy.

involves what you have to and dont have to report back to their parents.

also involves trust building

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7
Q

what are the best evidence based treatments for children?

A

behavioural approaches.

  • focusing more on behaviour instead of cognitions and experimenting with the outcomes

(theory of mind)

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8
Q

why is evidence based treatment for youth only slowly beginning to gain evidence?

A

For a long time society didnt view children as disordered or in need of treatment.

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9
Q

is Evidence based treatment effective for behavioural treatments?

A

yes! it has an effect size of .79

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10
Q

what is a variable that lowers the effect size for kids to .54?

A

when the intervention is not being delivered by a psychologist.

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11
Q

what happens if a child refuses treatment, and understand the treatment and the potential benefit

A

the psychologist cannot proceed with treatment.

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12
Q

what disorders is psychotherapy effective on for youth

A
  • ADHD
  • Autism
  • Anxiety disorder
  • bipolar
  • Disruptive OCD
  • and children exposed to trauma, self injurious behaviour, substance abuse, and treatment of chronic health conditions, and obesity.
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13
Q

who is evidence based treatment the most effective for?

A

youth with more severe symptoms

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14
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for: Anorexia Nervosa?

(on lecture slide)

A
  • behavioural family therapy
  • systematic family therapy
  • individual insight-oriented psychotherapy
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15
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

General anxiety?

(on lecture slide too)

A
  • individual CBT
  • CBT with parents
  • CBT with medication
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16
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Attention-Deficit / hyperactivity disorder

(on lecture slide)

A
  • behavioural parent training
  • behavioural classroom management
  • combined parent and classroom behaviour management interventions
  • Organization training
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17
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Autism Spectrum disorder?

(not on lecture slide. )

A
  • teacher implemented focused applied behaviour analysis (ABA) and direct support professionals (DSP)
  • Individual comprehensive ABA
  • Individual-focused ABA and alternative communication
  • Individual-focused ABA and DSP
  • Focused DSP parenting training
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18
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Bipolar Spectrum Disorder?

(not on lecture slide)

A
  • family psychoeducation and skills building
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19
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Depression

(on lecture slides)

A
  • Group CBT for children / adolescents
  • Group CBT for children with parental involvement
  • Individual interpersonal therapy for adolescents
  • Group CBT for adolescents with parent component.
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20
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Disruptive Behaviour Disorders

(not on lecture slides)

A

Behavioural parent training

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21
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Obesity

(not on lecture slides)

A
  • behavioural family treatment
  • parent-only behavioural treatment for children
  • parent-only beahvoaural treatment for adolescents
  • self-guided behavioural family treatment
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22
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

OCD

(not on Lecture slides)

A
  • Individual CBT
  • Family Focused CBT
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23
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Post traumatic stress disorder

(not on lec slides)

A
  • Trauma focused CBT
  • School-based CBT
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24
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Self-Injurious Behaviour

(not on lec slides)

A
  • Combined individual CBt + family based CBT + parent training
  • attachment based family therapy
  • parenting training
  • individual interpersonal therapy
  • individual psychodynamic therapy and psychodynamic family therapy
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25
Q

What are the evidence based treatments for:

Substance abuse

(on lecture slides)

A
  • Group CBT
  • Individual CBT
  • Ecological family-based treatment
  • Behavioural family-based treatment
  • Motivational Interviewing
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26
Q

what does a treatment need to be considered “well-established” ?

A

produce effects that are superior to a medical placebo, psychological placebo or another treatment in atleast two trials that met methodological criteria.

27
Q

what is ethnic invariance?

A

evidence based treatments yield equivalent results for ethnic minority groups

28
Q

what is ethnic disparity?

A

the treatment is not as powerful when applied to ethics minority youth, and therefore the treatment needs re-adaptation.

29
Q

What are some of the burdens that kids have to face when they have a mental disorder?

A
  • they might go unnoticed / not be spotted soon enough
  • they may face social difficulties and judgment from peers
  • they may have difficulty self advocating
  • they may feel rejected as their needs arent being attended to.
30
Q

What are some difficulties and burdens parents of kids who have mental disorders might face?

A
  • financial burdens
  • caregiver burnout
  • they might blame themselves
  • high needs child requires alot of attention and care from the parents.
  • there may be conflict between parents.
31
Q

what are some burdens that are felt by the health care and criminal justice systems?

A
  • spotting areas that need support and then adequately being able to offer support…
32
Q

What is the health care crisis?

A

underfunding of mental health services

  • lack of findings to implement the latest evidence based treatments
33
Q

What did the journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology get updated with?

A

psychosocial treatment s for disorders of childhood and adolescence.

However, the trouble was this was only updated every 10 years and evidence based treatment for children is growing rapidly,

SO.. they now include

an evidence based update on psychological treatment of a specific child / adolescent problem area IN EACH ISSUE.

it reviews latest research and synthesizes all the literature into one place (the journal)

34
Q

What is the inclusion criteria for evidence based psychological treatments in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent psychology?

A
  1. randomized controlled design
  2. treatment is clearly defined
  3. population is defined (who its for)
  4. psychometrically sound evaluation of outcome (e.g., using Beck inventory)
  5. Appropriate analyses and sufficient sample size (stats)
35
Q

Why is group therapy a common intervention used with behavioural treatment of youth?

A

shows that there are other people similar to you (same age, same diagnosis)

also shows that you are going through similar struggles and that you’re not alone

36
Q

What is parenting programs?

A
  • evidence based parenting programs are grounded in social learning theory and the assumption that oppositional child behaviour can be changed by modifying the Childs social environment rather than by working directly with the child
  • this theory states that maladaptive patterns of parent-child interactions inadversly encourage both parents and children to engage in inappropriate behaviour
37
Q

What are coercive exchanges?

A

parent-child interactions in which the parent unintentionally rewards the child for whining or aggression (by withdrawing a demand or providing attention) and the child rewards the parent or giving in to his or her complaints (by ceasing the adverse behaviour)

38
Q

How do children learn how to get what they want in healthy vs. unhealthy family dynamics

A

healthy: compromise and conversation

unhealthy: coercive behaviour

39
Q

What are five parenting practices that are associated with the development of prosocial or deviant behaviour?

A
  • skil encouragement
  • discipline
  • monitoring
  • problem-solving
  • positive involvement
40
Q

What is the main goal behind parenting programs?

A

to teach parents of children with behavioural problems to parent in the same way as parents whose children do not have problems..

and help parents to encourage appropriate behaviours and to discourage unacceptable behaviours.

41
Q

What is an essential aspect of the behavioural approach?

A

complex skills are broken into small steps..

first, parents establish a few simple rules on which they agree and that they are willing to impose consistently.

e.g., rules about responsibilities and chores, daytime routines and respectful ways of interacting.

the rules take into account:
- developmental level
- circumstances
-special needs

42
Q

What is positive involvement?

A

giving loving attention

43
Q

what is skills encouragement?

A

breaking behaviours into small steps.

prompting appropriate behaviour through clear rules and cues.

expressing contingent positive reinforcement (praise and incentives)

44
Q

what is discipline?

A
  • setting limits
  • using mild sections (removal of privileges, quiet time, time out)
45
Q

what is monitoring?

A
  • tracking Childs whereabouts and activitieswh
46
Q

what is problem solving

A
  • establishing clear rules
  • establishing consequences
  • negotiating
47
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

48
Q

what is a time out

A

a parenting strategy in which the child does not have access to reinforcers for a brief period following misbehaviour

49
Q

What are some factors of premature drop out?

A
  • parental psychopathology
    (parents also dealing with mental / physical health concerns )
  • family conflict (dont know how to deal with the Childs problems)
  • Family / parent stress
  • Stigma
  • Cost (huge factor)
  • Resistance from child
  • OR treatment isn’t working
50
Q

What is Multisystemic Therapy?

A

an approach designed to treat seriously disturbed delinquent adolescents by interviewing in an integrated way in the multiple systems where they are involved

51
Q

Who is Multisystemic Therapy geared towards?

A

youth who are at risk in being placed in out of home care, and
require costly services that consume a disproportionate amount of metal health resources

52
Q

Multisystemic theory is rooted in ecological theory..

what is ecological theory?

A

a theory that examines a young person’s functioning within the multiple contexts in which he or she lives – family, school, neighbourhood, ect

53
Q

Multisystemic theory is consistent with the findings that delinquent behaviour is not caused by simply one factor but, rather, is multiply determined…

what are some of the different contexts this model works with?

A
  • nuclear family
    extended family
    neighbourhood,
    school
    peer
    community
    juvenile justice
    child welfare
    and mental health
54
Q

Parenting programs for kids who have disruptive behaviour disorders are grounded in social learning theory. what does that mean

A

to change the Childs behaviour need to change the environment.

we do this by stop reinforcing negative behaviours and promote positive behaviours

55
Q

for parenting programs to work (for kids with disruptive behaviour disorders)

What are some key components of the therapy? and how long does it take?

A
  • postive reinforecement instead of punishment
  • caregivers must be active and consistent
    (inconsistent reinforcement and punishments are problematic as they lead to uncertain outcomes)
  • involves skills practice through behaviour reheard and role playing..
    (modeling & prototype for what to do)
  • takes 4 to 25 weeks, depending on the severity of the kid
56
Q

How common is major depressive disorder in childhood compared to adulthood?

A

just as common…

  • but if kids dont get the treatment they need it impacts their pathology
  • kids are often labeled as moody
57
Q

What are some things that depression is associated with?

A
  • difficulties in peer relationships
  • poorer school functioning
  • troubled family relationships
  • increased rate of suicide
58
Q

MST therapists work in teams of three to five people, and each therapist only takes on four to give families…

the treatment time is limited.. lasting only three to five months, but the therapists are avialable 24 hours a day and 7 days a week to respond to crisis.

the therapist will select evidence based treatments for each goal of the therapy.

A

fun facts about MST

59
Q

when does depression really skyrocket in adolescence?

A

between 13/14 years old and 17/18 years old

60
Q

What is focus of the coping with Depression in Adolescence (CWDA) program?

A
  • behaviours
  • cognitions
  • management of affect

Behavioural interventions include: positive activities, problem solving, assertiveness skills, communication skills and conflict resolution

cognitive techniques include: positive self talk, self monitoring, coping with negative emotions, relaxation, and anger management

61
Q

When is mood monitoring introduced in CWDA?

A

in the initial stages.

the initial sessions is focused on behavioural chagne with an emphasis on the practice of social skills and an increase in the pleasant activities

62
Q

The end of the program at CWDA focuses on strategies to ensure the maintenance of gains, progress towards goals and the prevention of relapse

A

fun facts

63
Q

Why is psychoeduation important for young people?

A
  • thought to be a less stigmatizing form of education for young people who may feel very unfmocortbale with receiving treatment.

PSYC 365 (7 decks)

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