Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve

Question 1

Evolutionary adaptations

Answer 1

Individuals with the best functioning traits are consistently selected

Question 2

Charles Darwin

Answer 2

Book entitled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 3

Darwin non tradition research

Answer 3

Earth was relatively old and populated by all species being related to each other

Question 4

Numerous intermediates

Answer 4

Darwins theory

He predicted there were there were lots of intermediaries that existed between species

Question 5

HMS beagle

Answer 5

Darwin left great Britain on this boat he collected numerous specimens you visited the Galapagos islands

Question 6

Galapagos species

Answer 6

Resembled those found in South America but showed some variation

Question 7

Charles Lyell

Answer 7

Geologist who promoted the idea of an ancient earth that strongly influence Darwin

Question 8

Earth

Answer 8

Darwin was convinced it was very old had been shaped by slow processes and continues to change even today and as the earth changed or revolved the organisms that lived upon it did the same because they responded to their environment

Question 9

The origin of species

Answer 9

Darwins main points all organisms inhabiting earth today are derived from ancestral species that may have look differently (descent with modification)
the mechanism by which this was accomplished is natural selection
as organisms reproduce they can have a variety of offspring those offspring best fit for their environment are most fit to survive and reproduce

Question 10

Evidence to support evolution

Answer 10

Fossils
biogeography comparative anatomy and embryology
molecular biology

Question 11

Fossils

Answer 11

Remnants of organisms that lived in the past that have been turned to stone includes plants animals impressions phones and soft tissue

Question 12

Sedimentary rock

Answer 12

Were fossilization is most likely

Question 13

Fossils are often used to compare anatomy of

Answer 13

Extinct organisms with Extant (living) ones

Question 14

Older, more primitive organisms are found at _______

Answer 14

the bottom

Question 15

_________, more advanced organisim are at the top

Answer 15

Newer

Question 16

Fossil records are used to

Answer 16

show that organisms appeared in a historical sequence

Question 17

Biogeography

Answer 17

the study of the geographic distribution of species

Question 18

Comparative anatomy

Answer 18

comparison of body structures between different species

Question 19

Homology

Answer 19

similarity of structures due to common ancestry

Question 20

Analogy

Answer 20

similarity of structures based on function but DOES NOT share common ancestry

Question 21

Homologous

Answer 21

two structures that are interpreted as sharing a common ancestor, constructed from the same skeletal elements

Question 22

Comparative Embryology

Answer 22

the comparison of structures that appear similar during the development of different organisms

Question 23

common ancestry

Answer 23

during early embryology, some vertebrates look similar, implying they have very similar features, which may indicate ________.

Question 24

Molecular Biology

Answer 24

used to show evolutionary relationships among species

Question 25

DNA Sequence

Answer 25

used to determine how distantly (or closely) organisms are related. The more similar = more likely closely related. The less similar = less likely closely related.

Question 26

98%

Answer 26

similarities between chimpanzee and human

Question 27

Individual variation

Answer 27

all the individuals in a population have slightly different characteristics. Much of the variation is heritable.

Question 28

Individuals with less reproductive success die, therefore they do

Answer 28

not reproduce

Question 29

Only those individuals with traits best suited for their environment, _________, ___________, and ______.

Answer 29

are more likely to survive, reproduce, and leave a greater number of offspring

Question 30

Natural selection at work

Answer 30

pesticide resistant insects and antibiotic resistant bacteria (MRSA)

Question 31

population

Answer 31

group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Question 32

population geneticists

Answer 32

investigate the fate of populations as evolutionary units

Question 33

tracking genetic makeup of populations over time allows us to determine

Answer 33

whether a population is evolving and how fast it is changing.

Question 34

Mutations are random _______ of an organism.

Answer 34

Changes in DNA

Question 35

the gene pool

Answer 35

is the collective genome of the population | includes all versions (alleles) of all genes in all individuals making up a population

Question 36

genotype frequencies can be calculated from allele frequencies using the Hardy Weinburg equilibrium

Answer 36

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 = homozygous dominant 2pq = heterozygotes q2 = homozygous recessive

Question 37

when the Hardy Weinberg equation is not in equilibrium the allele frequencies continually change over time and the population is undergoing small-scale evolution called _________.

Answer 37

microevolution

Question 38

homozygous dominant

Answer 38

WW

Question 39

heterozygote

Answer 39

Ww

Question 40

homozygous recessive

Answer 40

ww

Question 41

microevolution

Answer 41

measured by changes in allele frequency in a population

Question 42

Mechanisms of microevolution

Answer 42

genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, and natural selection

Question 43

Genetic drift

Answer 43

a change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance

Question 44

Bottleneck effect

Answer 44

example of genetic drift, results from a drastic reduction in population size and therefore a reduction in genetic variation

Question 45

Founder effect

Answer 45

genetic drift in a new colony

Question 46

gene flow

Answer 46

when populations regularly or irregularly exchange genetic material

Question 47

Mutations

Answer 47

permanent changes in an organism's genome

Question 48

relative fitness

Answer 48

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to contributions of others within that population

Question 49

directional selection

Answer 49

when a phenotype of a population is shifted | favors a more extreme phenotype shifting alleles in a population

Question 50

disruptive selection

Answer 50

both extremes of the phenotype are favored

Question 51

stabilizing selection

Answer 51

the variation of a particular trait becomes limited

Question 52

sexual selection

Answer 52

a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

Question 53

sexual dimorphism

Answer 53

in many animal species, males and females show distinctly different appearances