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Biology 100 Ch 13-16 > Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve > Flashcards

Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolutionary adaptations

A

Individuals with the best functioning traits are consistently selected

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2
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Book entitled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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3
Q

Darwin non tradition research

A

Earth was relatively old and populated by all species being related to each other

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4
Q

Numerous intermediates

A

Darwins theory

He predicted there were there were lots of intermediaries that existed between species

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5
Q

HMS beagle

A

Darwin left great Britain on this boat he collected numerous specimens you visited the Galapagos islands

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6
Q

Galapagos species

A

Resembled those found in South America but showed some variation

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7
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Geologist who promoted the idea of an ancient earth that strongly influence Darwin

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8
Q

Earth

A

Darwin was convinced it was very old had been shaped by slow processes and continues to change even today and as the earth changed or revolved the organisms that lived upon it did the same because they responded to their environment

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9
Q

The origin of species

A

Darwins main points all organisms inhabiting earth today are derived from ancestral species that may have look differently (descent with modification)
the mechanism by which this was accomplished is natural selection
as organisms reproduce they can have a variety of offspring those offspring best fit for their environment are most fit to survive and reproduce

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10
Q

Evidence to support evolution

A

Fossils
biogeography comparative anatomy and embryology
molecular biology

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11
Q

Fossils

A

Remnants of organisms that lived in the past that have been turned to stone includes plants animals impressions phones and soft tissue

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12
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Were fossilization is most likely

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13
Q

Fossils are often used to compare anatomy of

A

Extinct organisms with Extant (living) ones

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14
Q

Older, more primitive organisms are found at _______

A

the bottom

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15
Q

_________, more advanced organisim are at the top

A

Newer

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16
Q

Fossil records are used to

A

show that organisms appeared in a historical sequence

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17
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of species

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18
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

comparison of body structures between different species

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19
Q

Homology

A

similarity of structures due to common ancestry

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20
Q

Analogy

A

similarity of structures based on function but DOES NOT share common ancestry

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21
Q

Homologous

A

two structures that are interpreted as sharing a common ancestor, constructed from the same skeletal elements

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22
Q

Comparative Embryology

A

the comparison of structures that appear similar during the development of different organisms

23
Q

common ancestry

A

during early embryology, some vertebrates look similar, implying they have very similar features, which may indicate ________.

24
Q

Molecular Biology

A

used to show evolutionary relationships among species

25
Q

DNA Sequence

A

used to determine how distantly (or closely) organisms are related. The more similar = more likely closely related. The less similar = less likely closely related.

26
Q

98%

A

similarities between chimpanzee and human

27
Q

Individual variation

A

all the individuals in a population have slightly different characteristics. Much of the variation is heritable.

28
Q

Individuals with less reproductive success die, therefore they do

A

not reproduce

29
Q

Only those individuals with traits best suited for their environment, _________, ___________, and ______.

A

are more likely to survive, reproduce, and leave a greater number of offspring

30
Q

Natural selection at work

A

pesticide resistant insects and antibiotic resistant bacteria (MRSA)

31
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

32
Q

population geneticists

A

investigate the fate of populations as evolutionary units

33
Q

tracking genetic makeup of populations over time allows us to determine

A

whether a population is evolving and how fast it is changing.

34
Q

Mutations are random _______ of an organism.

A

Changes in DNA

35
Q

the gene pool

A

is the collective genome of the population

includes all versions (alleles) of all genes in all individuals making up a population

36
Q

genotype frequencies can be calculated from allele frequencies using the Hardy Weinburg equilibrium

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p2 = homozygous dominant
2pq = heterozygotes
q2 = homozygous recessive

37
Q

when the Hardy Weinberg equation is not in equilibrium the allele frequencies continually change over time and the population is undergoing small-scale evolution called _________.

A

microevolution

38
Q

homozygous dominant

A

WW

39
Q

heterozygote

A

Ww

40
Q

homozygous recessive

A

ww

41
Q

microevolution

A

measured by changes in allele frequency in a population

42
Q

Mechanisms of microevolution

A

genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, and natural selection

43
Q

Genetic drift

A

a change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance

44
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

example of genetic drift, results from a drastic reduction in population size and therefore a reduction in genetic variation

45
Q

Founder effect

A

genetic drift in a new colony

46
Q

gene flow

A

when populations regularly or irregularly exchange genetic material

47
Q

Mutations

A

permanent changes in an organism’s genome

48
Q

relative fitness

A

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to contributions of others within that population

49
Q

directional selection

A

when a phenotype of a population is shifted

favors a more extreme phenotype shifting alleles in a population

50
Q

disruptive selection

A

both extremes of the phenotype are favored

51
Q

stabilizing selection

A

the variation of a particular trait becomes limited

52
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

53
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

in many animal species, males and females show distinctly different appearances

Biology 100 Ch 13-16 (4 decks)

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