Chapter - 13 Hominin Evolution Flashcards

Question

Understanding Homo neanderthalensis (12)

Answer 1

1. Time of Existence Between 28 000 and 300 000 years ago 2. Location Europe and the Middle East 3. Body Type - Shorter, more robust and muscular than modern humans - Wider shoulder 4. Height - Females: 156 cm - Males: 168 cm 5. Brain 1485/1500cm3 6. Skull - Long and low brain case - Occipital bun at the back of the skull - Thick brow ridges - Receding forehead, elongated skull - Flared zygomatic arches - Depression at the back of the skull for neck muscle attachment 7. Teeth and Jaw - Larger, more robust prognathic jaw - Lacking a chin - Larger teeth 8. Limbs - Thick limbs with large joint - Shorter 9. Pelvis - Wider pelvis 10. Ribcage - Barrel-shaped 11. SQUAT BODIES 12. Adapted for seasonally dry and cold climates

Answer 2

1. Time - 300 000 years ago to present 2. Location - worldwide 3. Body type - Short, slender trunks and long limbs 4. Height Females: 160 cm Males: 175cm 5. Brain 1350cm3 6. Skull - Short base and high brain case - Short jaw - Bony chin 7. Teeth - Small teeth 8. Limbs - Long legs compared with arms - Straight fingers and toes 9. Ribcage - Less barrel-shaped

Answer 3

10 00 - 120 000 yrs ago More modern features than H.n orbits or eye sockets were well separated France and spain Aurignacian tools

Answer 4

1. Home Bases: Areas occupied by australopithecines - From where hunters and foragers went out to search for food 2. Tool use - Pebble/Oldowan tools: - Choppers, scrapers, flakes and chisels - Size of a tennis ball to a marble - Named after where they were discovered  Precision grip required to use scarpers effectively 3. 2.5 million years ago •Used items in their surroundings to exploit resources in their environment ### Allowed them to exploit a broader range of habitats ###Eventually left Africa and colonised other continents ###Dispersed from Africa around 2 million years ago 4. No use of Fire

Answer 5

1. Used Oldowan tools - Sharpened or shaped by striking one stone with another - FOR Skinning animals, chopping up meant, breaking open bones, crushing plants and digging up edible plant roots 2. Lived in grasslands and were hunter-gatherers - Plant-based diet with supplementary meat from scavenging or hunting - *****Meat provided complex fats for brain growth leading to increased cranial capacity 3. Worked in groups with specific members responsible for different tasks - Collecting food; brought back to home base to share - Social organisation 4. Pressure for spoken language increased as communication was critical - Some evidence of bulge in speech producing area of the brain - Larynx not capable of making complex sounds 5. Evidence of being a hunter and scavenger o Animal bones found at fossil sites  Cut marks made by stone tools or teeth of a carnivore  Tooth leaves a broad, smooth groove on the bone  Stone tool made smaller parallel grooves in main cut 6. Engaged in scavenging remains of prey killed by carnivores  And consuming meat they killed and butchered • More scavengers’ than hunters o Because hunters as they evolved

Answer 6

1. Began to Modify environment to suit their own purposes eg. Fire, building of shelters and range of sophisticated tools 2. Acheulian tools flaked around all of the edges, in one direction and then in the other o Formed roughly two-faced (bi-faced) lumps, approximately teardrop shaped  Used as hand axes 3. Capable of logical thought and ability to communicate and work with others in an organised and efficient manner 4. Drove animals into where they were trapped and then butchered by tools made of bone and stone o Butchery marks on the surface indicate more systematic use of tools o Increased commitment to meat eating o Remains indicated hunting was important  Predominance of deer bones suggested inhabitants preferred this type of meat  Fish bones showed they also fished 5. Cultural organisation • Cultural changes of use of fire and manufacture of tools influenced social organisation o Mutual cooperation o Complex society established o Care of the young gradually more important o Relatively complex spoken language may have arisen

Answer 7

Fire helped: 1. Keep predators away 2. Gave warmth and light at night 3. May have been used to stampede animals 4. Important for migrating groups into Europe and Asia during ice ages 5. Enabled cooking - Increased range of foods by improved flavour and digestibility - Some foods safer to eat by destroying parasites/tapeworms or detoxifying plant foods.

Answer 8

1. Mousterian industry: Production of stone flakes trimmed to form various cutting, scraping, piercing and gouging tools o Showed cultural advance over the Acheliun hand axe 2. Levallois technique: Piece of stone trimmed into a disc-shaped core then stuck by another stone to produce flakes o Flat on one side and had sharp edges o Slow, labour-intensive process that requires planning and foresight 3. Significant development in cognition, coinciding with evolutionary trend of increased cranial capacity  Likely possible due to increased importance of meat in the diet 3. Hafting: Flake tools joined on to handle, spear or arrow o Broadened use and increased effectiveness  Spears for hunting larger animals  Cutting up animals or wood  Tools could be used to make other tools • 4. Flake tools enabled those living in colder climates to become good clothes makers 5. Scraping tools for preparing animal hides 6. Buried their dead o Believed in life after death  Grave of a youth surrounded by wild goat burial with horns thrust into ground with pointed ends downwards  Man buried on a bed of flowers o Underdeveloped shoulder blade, collarbone, upper right arm bone and no lower arm bones  Withered right arm successfully amputated above the elbow ****Cared for disabled members and had a social system for sharing food and other resources

Answer 9

1. Mousterian industry: Production of stone flakes trimmed to form various cutting, scraping, piercing and gouging tools o Showed cultural advance over the Acheliun hand axe 2. Levallois technique: Piece of stone trimmed into a disc-shaped core then stuck by another stone to produce flakes o Flat on one side and had sharp edges o Slow, labour-intensive process that requires planning and foresight 3. Significant development in cognition, coinciding with evolutionary trend of increased cranial capacity  Likely possible due to increased importance of meat in the diet 3. Hafting: Flake tools joined on to handle, spear or arrow o Broadened use and increased effectiveness  Spears for hunting larger animals  Cutting up animals or wood  Tools could be used to make other tools • 4. Flake tools enabled those living in colder climates to become good clothes makers 5. Scraping tools for preparing animal hides 6. Buried their dead - CEREMONY o Believed in life after death  Grave of a youth surrounded by wild goat burial with horns thrust into ground with pointed ends downwards  Man buried on a bed of flowers o Underdeveloped shoulder blade, collarbone, upper right arm bone and no lower arm bones  Withered right arm successfully amputated above the elbow ****Cared for disabled members and had a social system for sharing food and other resources

Answer 10

1. Around 50000 years ago o Finer blades and projectile weapons *******Suggested mutation that affected the brains of a group of anatomically modern humans living in Africa or the Middle East ******New neurological connections and abilities o Fully articulated speech 2. 40 000 years ago modern humans moved into Europe o Brought innovation such as clothing which had been sewn and better shelters o Allowed them to survive the cold of glacial Europe  Previously exclusive to Neanderthals but modern humans thrived and the Neanderthal population decreased 3. Well established in Europe and were makers of blade tools o Flakes of stones with roughly parallel sides 4. Had large brains housed in skulls o Long front to back, similarly to present people of Western and Northern Europe 5. Cro-Magnon essentially hunters and gatherers o Relied on herds of animals in open plains o Mastered hunting bison, mammoth, reindeer etc,  Stampeding them over cliffs or narrow ravines  Also provided meat and skins for clothing or shelter

Answer 11

1. Increased manipulation of materials 2. Increased complexity of tools 3. Greater variety of materials used to make tools 4. Improved workmanship and development of equipment needed to manufacture the tools 5. Increased specialisation of tools 6. Structural changes infer changes in lifestyles o Increased collaboration o Effective communication o Different members with more specific roles and skills o Increased importance in planning and creativity o Manipulating environment to meet their needs

Answer 12

``` 1. Oldowan Pebble stones 2.6-1.7 mya Olduvai Africa Australopithecines and Homo habilis ``` ``` 2. Acheulian Stones (mainly) Flint stones Bi-Face 1.7mya-200 000 ya St Acheul France HOMO ERECTUS ``` ``` 3. Mousterian Flintstone Wood = hafting 200 000 - 40 000 ya Le Moustier France Neanderthalansis ``` 4. Aurignacian Bone, Ivory, stone (rarely /sometimes antler) Blade tools - flat rectangles from core stone which were easy and effective in cutting 43000 - 26000 Cro Magnon ``` 5. Solutrean Antler, Bone, ivory, stone Willow and Laurel leaf designs, for ornamental and artistic purposes - symbol of maker's craft pressure flaking used by cro-magnon people solutre France 22 000 - 19 000 ``` 6. Magdalenian Bone and Antler tools over flint and stone WORKS OF ART Burin or chisel like cutter - a tool used to manufacture other tools - SIGNIFICANT ADVANCEMENT in tool making - devised a tool to make other tools burin - a blade was shaped so that it had a sharp cutting point - BONE ANTLER AND IVORY WOULD BE CUT TO MAKE A RANGE OF TOOLS - NEEDLES TO BARBED SPEAR POINT AND SPEAR THROWERS 18 000 - 12 000 La Madeline FRANCE

Answer 13

1. eat 2. animal skin = clothing 3. Fats = oil for lamps 4. bones + ivory = make tools