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HSCI 1140 - CAM > Chapter 13 - Herbs and other Natural Products > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Herbs and other Natural Products Flashcards

1
Q

Spices in cuisine may have…

A

… lessened the threat from pathogens.

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2
Q

How do shamans use herbs?

A

Using their special gifts, they are about to use herbs to affect people’s spirit.

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3
Q

Why did people start to loose faith in the medicines they had between the 1300s-1600s?

A

Their existing medicines failed to deal with epidemics of the plague.

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4
Q

What was the time period between the 15th-17th centuries called?

A

The great age of herbals.

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5
Q

What types of schools might teach students about herbal medicines?

A

Naturopathic schools, TCM schools, and herbalist schools.

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6
Q

Examples of herbal medicines that have been banned in some jurisdictions due to reported adverse effects.

A

Ephedra and Kava.

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7
Q

Who supplies information about the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines to Health Canada?

A

The applicant (the manufacturer).

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8
Q

What are the two things that herbalists believe combinations of compounds do?

A

Increase effects and dilute toxicity.

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9
Q

Most medicinally-used plant compounds are ___.

A

Secondary compounds.

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10
Q

Can herbal medicines be tested via RCTs?

A

Yes, they are well suited to RCT testing.

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11
Q

How do secondary compounds deter plant-eating animals?

A

Some don’t taste good and some interfere with some aspect of an animals metabolism.

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12
Q

How many of the ~300,000 described plant species are used medicinally?

A

~35,000. Over 10%.

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13
Q

How popular is herbal medicine?

A

It’s one of the most popular CAMs.

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14
Q

How many known medicinal plants are at risk of extinction?

A

400

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15
Q

What group of people added to European knowledge of herbal medicine?

A

Arabs

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16
Q

Which alternative medical systems include herbal medicines?

A

Naturopathy, ayurveda, TCM, and homeopathy.

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17
Q

When might the FDA withdraw and herbal medicine product?

A

If it’s been shown to be unsafe.

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18
Q

How are herbs administered?

A

Applied or eaten fresh. Consumed dried. Tisanes, teas, and tinctures. Essential oils applied topically or inhaled.

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19
Q

Four types of herbalism

A
  1. Shamanic.
  2. Energetic.
  3. Herbs have effects on particular physiological functions, but effects are not linked to particular compounds.
  4. Plants are sources of bio-active chemicals.
20
Q

Do active molecules vary from plant to plant?

A

Yes.

21
Q

What percent of the world’s population uses herbal medicine?

A

80%

22
Q

What are secondary compounds?

A

They are not produced as part of the plants normal metabolic pathways. They are produced by specialized, secondary pathways.

23
Q

Why would plants invest raw materials and energy to make secondary compounds?

A

They are thought to have evolved because they deter plant-eating animals.

24
Q

What are common problems with many trials on herbal medicines?

A

High degree of publication bias and safety not assessed.

25
Q

Which forms of alternative medicine include an energetic philosophy of herbalism?

A

TCM and Ayurvedic.

26
Q

When are herbal medicines more like pharmaceuticals?

A

When practitioners and manufacturers try to standardize the amount of one active ingredient.

27
Q

Examples of sick animals that seek out plants for self-medication.

A

Chimpanzees, sheep, and cats.

28
Q

What is it called when combinations of compounds increase the effects of herbal medicines?

A

Synergy

29
Q

What are ecological considerations surrounding herbal medicines?

A

Habitat destruction is resulting in the loss of medicinal species. But also, harvesting plants for herbal medicines can put pressure on wild populations.

30
Q

In order to get a NPN, what criteria must an herbal medicine meet?

A

It must be found to be safe, effective, and of high quality under its recommended conditions of use.

31
Q

What causes the amount of active molecules to vary from plant to plant?

A

The environment, the season and the plant’s history.

32
Q

Plants with medicinal properties tend to taste…

A

Bitter

33
Q

Where are most plant species found?

A

In developing countries.

34
Q

Are there accredited schools of Herbal Medicine in Canada or the US?

A

No.

35
Q

After the 1600s, what types of minerals were used as medicines?

A

Mercury, sulfur, and arsenic.

36
Q

Why are so many medicinal compounds found in plants?

A

Plants use chemicals as their defensive system. Sometimes they can also be used to treat diseases within the plants.

37
Q

What is the pharmaceutical approach to herbalism?

A

Isolate individual compounds with measurable effects and identify optimal dosages. Individual compounds may be chemically modified to increase activity.

38
Q

What are some safety issues with herbal medicines?

A

Interactions with drugs. Patients don’t always report using herbal medicines to their doctors. Plants can be misidentified.

39
Q

What were manuals of botanical medicine called in Europe in the 1600s?

A

Herbals

40
Q

What group of animals is the largest group of plant eaters on the planet?

A

Insects.

41
Q

DIN-HM

A

Homeopathic medicines drug ID number.

42
Q

Which alternative medical systems include herbal medicines?

A

Naturopathy, Ayurveda, TCM, and homeopathy.

43
Q

How does the government treat herbal medicines in the US?

A

The same as dietary supplements. Manufacturers are not required to prove efficacy or safety.

44
Q

What percent of modern drugs are derived from plants?

A

More than 25%

45
Q

NPN

A

Natural Products Number

46
Q

At high doses, most herbal medicines are ___.

A

Toxic.

HSCI 1140 - CAM (22 decks)

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