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Y10 Science V3 > (Chapter 1.3) Gene Technology > Flashcards

(Chapter 1.3) Gene Technology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genome

A

The full set of genes and alleles found in a species

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2
Q

Explain the role of The Human Genome Project

A

The Human Genome Project is a database of the number of all human genes, their locations, and many of their key base sequences.

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3
Q

Define gene mapping

A

The process of determining the location of genes on chromosomes

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4
Q

Define sex linkage

A

The sex-specific patterns of inheritance when a gene mutation is present on a sex chromosome

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5
Q

Define restriction enzyme

A

Protein that cuts the DNA molecule at specific base sequences, creating DNA fragments

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6
Q

Define DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalysing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

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7
Q

Identify the role of restriction enzyme

A

The role of the protein is to protect bacteria from foreign DNA material

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8
Q

Explain why restriction enzymes are named as such

A

The protein is named as it restricts the growth of other organisms by destroying their DNA

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9
Q

Define ligase

A

An enzyme that can catalyse the joining (ligation) of 2 large molecules by forming a chemical bond

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10
Q

Identify in what organism are restriction enzymes present in

A

Restriction enzymes are present in bacteria

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11
Q

Identify in what organism are DNA ligase present in

A

DNA ligase is present in all kingdoms of organisms

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12
Q

Identify the responsibility of DNA ligase

A

The DNA ligase is responsible for normal DNA replication and repairing damage to DNA and mutations

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13
Q

Recall the artificial use of restriction enzymes and DNA ligases

A

Geneticists use restriction enzymes and DNA ligases as ‘scissors’ and ‘glue’ respectively to transfer genes into different positions, chromosomes, organisms, or species

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14
Q

Define genetic engineering

A

The process of altering the DNA makeup of an organism through laboratory-based technologies

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15
Q

Define bioinformatics

A

A scientific subdiscipline that involves using computer technology to collect, store, analyze, and disseminate biological data and information

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16
Q

Define transgenic

A

An organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means

17
Q

Define gene therapy

A

A technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or cure disease

18
Q

Outline the process of gene therapy

A
  1. Genes from other organisms are cloned inside rapidly multiplying bacteria
  2. The genes are cut out of the bacterial chromosomes
  3. The genes are purified
  4. The genes are inserted into faulty cells to treat diseases
19
Q

Identify the advantages of using bacteria for gene therapy

A

Bacteria multiply at a fast rate and there are limited ethical concerns

20
Q

Define recombinant DNA

A

The use of enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest

21
Q

Provides use(s) of DNA sequencing

A

DNA sequencing is used to diagnose and treat genetic diseases and identify the difference in base sequence between alleles

22
Q

Define DNA sequencing

A

The general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule

23
Q

Define vector

A

Any particle used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed

24
Q

Recall the correlation between vectors and recombinant DNA

A

A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA

25
Q

Identify the environmental applications of gene technology

A

Bacteria have been developed containing genes that produce proteins to break down oil deposits and mining wastes

26
Q

Identify the agricultural applications of gene technology

A

Genetically modified crops have been developed that are resistant to chemicals and pests and have higher amounts of vitamins and minerals

27
Q

Define DNA profiling

A

The process where a specific DNA pattern, called a profile, is obtained from a person or sample of bodily tissue

28
Q

“Your DNA is like a fingerprint” Explain why this statement is true

A

Although most of our DNA is identical to other people’s DNA, specific regions vary highly between individuals and excluding identical twins, no one has the exact DNA

29
Q

Define polymorphic

A

The specific regions of DNA that vary highly between individuals

30
Q

Define genetic screening

A

The process of testing a population for a genetic disease in order to identify a subgroup of people that either have the disease or the potential to pass it on to their offspring

31
Q

Define stem cell

A

Cells that are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of specialised cells

32
Q

Define nuclear transfer

A

A form of cloning that transfers genetic material from a single donor cell, to an unfertilized egg from which the genetic material has been removed, reconstructing an embryo

33
Q

Define reproductive cloning

A

The deliberate production of genetically identical individuals

34
Q

Identify the scientific term for identical twins

A

The scientific term for identical twins is monozygotic twins

35
Q

True or False - “Identical twins are natural clones”

A

True

36
Q

Define therapeutic cloning

A

The transfer of nuclear material isolated from a somatic cell into an embryo

37
Q

True or False - “Reproductive cloning is a type of therapeutic cloning”

A

False. Therapeutic cloning is a type of reproductive cloning

38
Q

Identify the full form of GMOs

A

Genetically modified organisms

39
Q

Define genetically modified organisms

A

An organism that had its DNA altered using genetic engineering

Y10 Science V3 (11 decks)

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