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Surgical Procedures 1 > Chapter 13: Diagnostic Procedures > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Diagnostic Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Physical examination

A

First step in determining the etiology of a patient’s condition

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2
Q

Symptoms

A

Complaint - why they are here

Subjective

Not measurable

Family history

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3
Q

Signs

A

Objective, observable

Vital signs

Direct / indirect

Palpations

Auscultation - stethoscope

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4
Q

Diagnostic imaging

A

Used to view skeletal and other internal structures for diagnostic purposes

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5
Q

Plain “X-ray” radiography

A

APview: anteroposterior - film underneath the patient

Lateral view - next to patient

Surgical Technologist primary goal
Protect the sterile field during intraoperative radiography

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6
Q

Plain radiography

The case film is placed

A

Within the sterile field

Either wrapped or underneath the patient

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7
Q

Plain radiography

A

X-rays used to view skeletal and other internal structures

Unit of measure: rad

Many types of X-rays can be ordered

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8
Q

Chest x- rays are called

A

Plain “X-rays”

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9
Q

The most common X-ray is

A

AP view

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10
Q

Mammography locates

A

Breast tumor

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11
Q

Mammography

A

Breasts tightly held in a compression plate device intended to decrease the density of the tissue for better visualization

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12
Q

Screening mammography is a specific type of

A

Breast imaging that uses low-dose X-rays to detect cancer early - before women experience symptoms - when it is most treatable

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13
Q

PNL

A

Preoperative needle localization

Used with conjunction with mammography, sometimes

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14
Q

Contrast media

A

Arteries, veins, ducts, or subarachnoid space

Water-soluable organic molecules with bound iodine.

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15
Q

Contrast is the difference

A

In optical density in a radiograph that results from a different in radiolucancy or penetrability

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16
Q

Contrast media are solutions that are injected

A

Into the arteries, veins, ducts, and subarachnoid space to allow these anatomical structures to stand out in contrast to the surrounding tissues

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17
Q

Computed axial tomography scan (CAT)

A

Structures of the body in “slices”

Thick (up to 10mm)

Thin (2 mm)

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18
Q

CAT scan is better than MRI in

A

Emergency cases because it is faster and better to detect fresh bleeding

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19
Q

Computed axial tomography scan has iodinate solution

A

That leaks into brain tissue to show brain damage

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20
Q

Cat scans uses ionizing

A

Electromagnetic radiation to create an image from approximately 4,000 different tissue

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21
Q

Fluoroscopy

Intraoperative applications

A

Angiogram

Cholangiogram

Retrograde urogram

Aid in bone realignment/placement

Catheter placement

Viewing direct instrument

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22
Q

Fluoroscopy uses ionizing

A

Radiation to project images of body structures onto a mirror “real time”

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23
Q

Fluoroscopy allows

A

Showing of the movement of joints and organs to be viewed directly

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24
Q

Fluoroscopy “fluo”

A

Utilizes X-rays to project images of body structures onto a monitor

Portable referred to as a c-arm

Can Watch screw go through bone

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25
Q

Myelography

A

Evaluate the spine
Neck, back, or leg pain
Injected subarachnoid space - contrast medium
Abnormalities of spinal cord

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26
Q

Myelography was replaced by

A

The MRI

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27
Q

Myelography is still used on patients

A

That have metallic implants that cannot do an MRI

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28
Q

Myelography is a radiographic study combining

A

The use of a contrast medium with fluoroscopy evaluate abnormalities of the spinal and its nerve roots

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29
Q

Myelography is routinely done to detect

A

Spinal canal harrowing and presence of cysts or mass lesions before advent and widespread use of MRI

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30
Q

Myelography usually completed

A

Within 30 to 60 minutes

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31
Q

Myelography is followed by

A

CT evaluation routinely

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32
Q

Cisterography uses

A

Intrathecal contrast media has also been used for many years in the diagnostic evaluation of disease processes involving the basal cisterns and skull base

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33
Q

Myelography

A

Live X-ray

Injected directly into the spinal column

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34
Q

Angiography remains

A

The standard for assessing the cause and severity of peripheral vascular disease

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35
Q

Angiography is the X-ray study of

A

The blood vessels

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36
Q

Angiogram uses

A

A radiopaque substance, or due, to make the blood vessels visible under X-ray

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37
Q

Arteriography is a type of angiography that

A

Involves the study of the arteries

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38
Q

Angiography purpose

A

Detect abnormalities or blockages in the blood vessels (called occlusions)

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39
Q

Angiography shows most veins and arteries of the body following

A

The intravenous or intraarterial injection of contrast medium

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40
Q

Cardiac catheterization permits the evaluation of

A

The heart function, visualization of coronary arteries and cardiac chambers, and the measurement of pressures within the cardiac chambers

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41
Q

Cut down is

A

An incision and dissecting through the tissue layers to expose the vessels than make a smaller incision into the vessels to allow an insert of a catheter

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42
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Percentage of blood that is pumped out of a filled ventricle with each heartbeat

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43
Q

Cardiac catheritization is considered

A

A sterile procedure

44
Q

Cholangiography: intraoperatively

A

Open/ laparoscopic cholecystectomy or common bile duct exploration

Cystic duct contrast media into the biliary system

Calculi or obstructions

45
Q

Urography: intraoperatively

A

Urinary system (outlines the renal pelvis kidney and ureters)

Contrast media - IVP while performing KUB)

46
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous pyelogram

Retrograde pyelogram

47
Q

For IV cholangiography the contrast agent is given

A

Slowly by vein, and X-ray films are taken of the region of the gallbladder

48
Q

Operative and postoperative cholangiography use the injection

A

Of contrast material into the common bile duct via a drainage t-tube inserted during surgery to reveal any small, residual gallstones that are present

49
Q

In percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography the contrast material is injected

A

Through a long needle or needle catheter, which is introduced directly through the skin into the substance of the liver

50
Q

Retrograde urography is an X-ray examination of the

A

Urinary tract following the injection of a contrast agent directly into the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis

51
Q

Position emission tomography (PET scanning)

A

Combines CT and radioisotope brain scanning

Helps to identify how different areas of the brain function by highlighting chemical or metabolic activity

52
Q

PET scanning is a test that uses

A

A special type of camera and tracer (radioactive chemical) to look at organs in the body

53
Q

Tracers used for PET scanning is usually

A

A special form of substance (such as glucose) that collects in cells that are using a lot of energy, such as cancer cells

54
Q

Scintigraphy is

A

Isotope scanning

55
Q

Scintigraphy is an intravenous injection of

A

A radioactive isotope into the patient prior to the imaging

56
Q

Isotope scan is a medical procedure

A

That produces pictures of the inside of the body

57
Q

The images produced by isotope scans are made from

A

Gamma rays

58
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Uses two different forms of energy

Spinning hydrogen atom are placed into a magnetic field, forcing the atoms to line up and “spin”

Applied radio waves force the hydrogen atoms to cycle in phase

59
Q

MRI

A

Atoms release a radio wave of the characteristic frequency that is measured and transformed into an image

Uses these radio waves in a strong magnetic field to form pictures of parts of the body

60
Q

Ultrasonography

A

High-frequency sound waves are directed into the body and reflected from the tissues to a recording device for diagnostic purposes

61
Q

Ultrasonography that in which

A

The shifts of frequency between emitted ultrasonic waves and their echoes are used to measure the velocities of moving objects, based on the principle of the Doppler effect

62
Q

Ultrasonography waves may be

A

Continuous or pulsed

63
Q

Ultrasonography technique is frequently used to

A

Examine cardiovascular blood flow (Doppler echocardiography)

64
Q

Gray-scale ultrasonography

A

A b-scan technique in which the strength of echoes is indicated by a proportional brightness of the displayed dots

65
Q

Doppler ultrasonography

A

Doppler monitor measures blood flow that transmits the sound of moving red blood cells to the transducer

Used in the OR to determine the patency of arterial anastomosis

66
Q

Doppler ultrasonography definition

A

Non-invasive diagnostic procedure that changes sound waves into an image that can be viewed on a monitor

67
Q

Doppler ultrasonography can detect

A

The direction, velocity, and turbulence of blood flow

68
Q

Doppler ultrasonography is frequently used to

A

Defect problems with heart values or to measure blood flow through the arteries

69
Q

Specifically, the Doppler ultrasonography is useful in

A

The work up of stroke patients, in assessing blood flow in the abdomen or legs, and in viewing the heart to monitor carotid artery disease

70
Q

Plethysomography

A

Useful in patients with diffuse small vessel arterial disease, especially diabetics

71
Q

Plethysmograph

A

Instrument for determining and registering variations in the volume of an extremity and in the amount of blood present in the extremity or passing through it

Plethysmography technique

Rhythmic changes in venous volume in the leg associated with respiration are recorded

72
Q

Plethysmography definition

A

The measurement of changes in the volume of organs or other body parts, particularly those changes resulting from blood flow

73
Q

Phleborheography

A

Cuffs applied to the abdomen, thigh, calf, and foot for measuring venous volume changes in response to response to respiration and to compression of the foot or calf

74
Q

Electrocardiography

A

Provides a two-demisional image of the heart by directing beams of ultrasonic waves from a sonar- like device through the chest wall

75
Q

An echocardiogram uses

A

Sound waves to produce images of your heart

76
Q

An echocardiogram allows

A

Your doctor to see how your heart is beating and pumping blood

77
Q

An echocardiogram can identify

A

Various abnormalities in the heart muscle and values

78
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a valuable tool for

A

Detection and evaluation of all forms of heart disease

79
Q

Electrocardiography is performed by

A

Placing a number of electrodes in predetermined locations on the skin of the arms, legs, and torso to record the electrical activity of the heart

80
Q

An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a test that checks

A

For problems with the electrical activity of your heart

81
Q

An EKG translates

A

The heart’s electrical activity into line tracing on paper

82
Q

Waves (EKG)

A

Spikes and dips in the line tracing

83
Q

Atria

A

The two upper chambers of the heart

84
Q

Ventricles

A

The two lower chambers of the heart

85
Q

A natural electrical system causes

A

The heart muscle to contract and pump blood through the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body

86
Q

Electrocardiography definition

A

Commonly used noninvasive procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart

87
Q

The record, which is called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), shows

A

The serves of waves that relate to the electrical impulses which occur during each beat of the heart

88
Q

Electrocardiography is a starting point for

A

Detecting many cardiac problems

89
Q

Electrocardiography is used

A

Routinely in physical examinations and for monitoring the patient’s condition during and after surgery, as well as during intensive care

90
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Display and recording of the electrical activity of the brain by measurement of changes in electric potentials

91
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

Study and recording of the electrical activity of skeletal muscle

92
Q

Pulse oximetry/capnography

A

Respiratory status and severity of pulmonary conditions is evaluated in several ways

93
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

Measures oxygen saturation in percentages

94
Q

Capnography

A

Estimates arterial levels of carbon dioxide

95
Q

Spirometry

A

Provides information about lung capacity, resistance, and ventilator pressure

96
Q

Spirometry definition

A

Noninvasive technique

Evaluating respiratory status

97
Q

Blood gas

A

Venous

Arterial blood

98
Q

Urinalysis

A

Best diagnostic tool

Kidneys and urinary tract

Clean-catch

Catheterized specimens

24 hour collection

99
Q

Culture and sensitivity

A

Antibiotics

Aerobic

Anaerobic

100
Q

Gram stain

A

Retain blue dye - gram positive

Retain pink dye - gram negative

101
Q

Culture and sensitivity determines

A

The exact organism and sensitivity report after 48 hours of incubation

102
Q

Needle biopsy

A

Least invasive

103
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

Removal of portion of mass or lesion

104
Q

Excision biopsy

A

Entire mass or lesion

105
Q

Washings and brush centesis and fluid analysis

A

Open or laparoscopic cases

Fluid specimen trap and subsequently spun down in a centrifuge

106
Q

Spinal tap endoscopy

A

Lumbar puncture: CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Can be used preoperatively or intraoperatively to directly visualize internal structures for diagnostic procedures

Surgical Procedures 1 (1 decks)

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