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Surgical Procedures 1 > Chapter 13: Diagnostic Procedures > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Diagnostic Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Physical examination

A

First step in determining the etiology of a patient’s condition

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2
Q

Symptoms

A

Complaint - why they are here

Subjective

Not measurable

Family history

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3
Q

Signs

A

Objective, observable

Vital signs

Direct / indirect

Palpations

Auscultation - stethoscope

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4
Q

Diagnostic imaging

A

Used to view skeletal and other internal structures for diagnostic purposes

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5
Q

Plain “X-ray” radiography

A

APview: anteroposterior - film underneath the patient

Lateral view - next to patient

Surgical Technologist primary goal
Protect the sterile field during intraoperative radiography

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6
Q

Plain radiography

The case film is placed

A

Within the sterile field

Either wrapped or underneath the patient

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7
Q

Plain radiography

A

X-rays used to view skeletal and other internal structures

Unit of measure: rad

Many types of X-rays can be ordered

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8
Q

Chest x- rays are called

A

Plain “X-rays”

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9
Q

The most common X-ray is

A

AP view

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10
Q

Mammography locates

A

Breast tumor

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11
Q

Mammography

A

Breasts tightly held in a compression plate device intended to decrease the density of the tissue for better visualization

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12
Q

Screening mammography is a specific type of

A

Breast imaging that uses low-dose X-rays to detect cancer early - before women experience symptoms - when it is most treatable

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13
Q

PNL

A

Preoperative needle localization

Used with conjunction with mammography, sometimes

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14
Q

Contrast media

A

Arteries, veins, ducts, or subarachnoid space

Water-soluable organic molecules with bound iodine.

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15
Q

Contrast is the difference

A

In optical density in a radiograph that results from a different in radiolucancy or penetrability

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16
Q

Contrast media are solutions that are injected

A

Into the arteries, veins, ducts, and subarachnoid space to allow these anatomical structures to stand out in contrast to the surrounding tissues

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17
Q

Computed axial tomography scan (CAT)

A

Structures of the body in “slices”

Thick (up to 10mm)

Thin (2 mm)

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18
Q

CAT scan is better than MRI in

A

Emergency cases because it is faster and better to detect fresh bleeding

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19
Q

Computed axial tomography scan has iodinate solution

A

That leaks into brain tissue to show brain damage

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20
Q

Cat scans uses ionizing

A

Electromagnetic radiation to create an image from approximately 4,000 different tissue

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21
Q

Fluoroscopy

Intraoperative applications

A

Angiogram

Cholangiogram

Retrograde urogram

Aid in bone realignment/placement

Catheter placement

Viewing direct instrument

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22
Q

Fluoroscopy uses ionizing

A

Radiation to project images of body structures onto a mirror “real time”

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23
Q

Fluoroscopy allows

A

Showing of the movement of joints and organs to be viewed directly

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24
Q

Fluoroscopy “fluo”

A

Utilizes X-rays to project images of body structures onto a monitor

Portable referred to as a c-arm

Can Watch screw go through bone

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25
Myelography
Evaluate the spine Neck, back, or leg pain Injected subarachnoid space - contrast medium Abnormalities of spinal cord
26
Myelography was replaced by
The MRI
27
Myelography is still used on patients
That have metallic implants that cannot do an MRI
28
Myelography is a radiographic study combining
The use of a contrast medium with fluoroscopy evaluate abnormalities of the spinal and its nerve roots
29
Myelography is routinely done to detect
Spinal canal harrowing and presence of cysts or mass lesions before advent and widespread use of MRI
30
Myelography usually completed
Within 30 to 60 minutes
31
Myelography is followed by
CT evaluation routinely
32
Cisterography uses
Intrathecal contrast media has also been used for many years in the diagnostic evaluation of disease processes involving the basal cisterns and skull base
33
Myelography
Live X-ray Injected directly into the spinal column
34
Angiography remains
The standard for assessing the cause and severity of peripheral vascular disease
35
Angiography is the X-ray study of
The blood vessels
36
Angiogram uses
A radiopaque substance, or due, to make the blood vessels visible under X-ray
37
Arteriography is a type of angiography that
Involves the study of the arteries
38
Angiography purpose
Detect abnormalities or blockages in the blood vessels (called occlusions)
39
Angiography shows most veins and arteries of the body following
The intravenous or intraarterial injection of contrast medium
40
Cardiac catheterization permits the evaluation of
The heart function, visualization of coronary arteries and cardiac chambers, and the measurement of pressures within the cardiac chambers
41
Cut down is
An incision and dissecting through the tissue layers to expose the vessels than make a smaller incision into the vessels to allow an insert of a catheter
42
Ejection fraction
Percentage of blood that is pumped out of a filled ventricle with each heartbeat
43
Cardiac catheritization is considered
A sterile procedure
44
Cholangiography: intraoperatively
Open/ laparoscopic cholecystectomy or common bile duct exploration Cystic duct contrast media into the biliary system Calculi or obstructions
45
Urography: intraoperatively
Urinary system (outlines the renal pelvis kidney and ureters) Contrast media - IVP while performing KUB)
46
IVP
Intravenous pyelogram Retrograde pyelogram
47
For IV cholangiography the contrast agent is given
Slowly by vein, and X-ray films are taken of the region of the gallbladder
48
Operative and postoperative cholangiography use the injection
Of contrast material into the common bile duct via a drainage t-tube inserted during surgery to reveal any small, residual gallstones that are present
49
In percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography the contrast material is injected
Through a long needle or needle catheter, which is introduced directly through the skin into the substance of the liver
50
Retrograde urography is an X-ray examination of the
Urinary tract following the injection of a contrast agent directly into the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis
51
Position emission tomography (PET scanning)
Combines CT and radioisotope brain scanning Helps to identify how different areas of the brain function by highlighting chemical or metabolic activity
52
PET scanning is a test that uses
A special type of camera and tracer (radioactive chemical) to look at organs in the body
53
Tracers used for PET scanning is usually
A special form of substance (such as glucose) that collects in cells that are using a lot of energy, such as cancer cells
54
Scintigraphy is
Isotope scanning
55
Scintigraphy is an intravenous injection of
A radioactive isotope into the patient prior to the imaging
56
Isotope scan is a medical procedure
That produces pictures of the inside of the body
57
The images produced by isotope scans are made from
Gamma rays
58
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Uses two different forms of energy Spinning hydrogen atom are placed into a magnetic field, forcing the atoms to line up and "spin" Applied radio waves force the hydrogen atoms to cycle in phase
59
MRI
Atoms release a radio wave of the characteristic frequency that is measured and transformed into an image Uses these radio waves in a strong magnetic field to form pictures of parts of the body
60
Ultrasonography
High-frequency sound waves are directed into the body and reflected from the tissues to a recording device for diagnostic purposes
61
Ultrasonography that in which
The shifts of frequency between emitted ultrasonic waves and their echoes are used to measure the velocities of moving objects, based on the principle of the Doppler effect
62
Ultrasonography waves may be
Continuous or pulsed
63
Ultrasonography technique is frequently used to
Examine cardiovascular blood flow (Doppler echocardiography)
64
Gray-scale ultrasonography
A b-scan technique in which the strength of echoes is indicated by a proportional brightness of the displayed dots
65
Doppler ultrasonography
Doppler monitor measures blood flow that transmits the sound of moving red blood cells to the transducer Used in the OR to determine the patency of arterial anastomosis
66
Doppler ultrasonography definition
Non-invasive diagnostic procedure that changes sound waves into an image that can be viewed on a monitor
67
Doppler ultrasonography can detect
The direction, velocity, and turbulence of blood flow
68
Doppler ultrasonography is frequently used to
Defect problems with heart values or to measure blood flow through the arteries
69
Specifically, the Doppler ultrasonography is useful in
The work up of stroke patients, in assessing blood flow in the abdomen or legs, and in viewing the heart to monitor carotid artery disease
70
Plethysomography
Useful in patients with diffuse small vessel arterial disease, especially diabetics
71
Plethysmograph
Instrument for determining and registering variations in the volume of an extremity and in the amount of blood present in the extremity or passing through it Plethysmography technique Rhythmic changes in venous volume in the leg associated with respiration are recorded
72
Plethysmography definition
The measurement of changes in the volume of organs or other body parts, particularly those changes resulting from blood flow
73
Phleborheography
Cuffs applied to the abdomen, thigh, calf, and foot for measuring venous volume changes in response to response to respiration and to compression of the foot or calf
74
Electrocardiography
Provides a two-demisional image of the heart by directing beams of ultrasonic waves from a sonar- like device through the chest wall
75
An echocardiogram uses
Sound waves to produce images of your heart
76
An echocardiogram allows
Your doctor to see how your heart is beating and pumping blood
77
An echocardiogram can identify
Various abnormalities in the heart muscle and values
78
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a valuable tool for
Detection and evaluation of all forms of heart disease
79
Electrocardiography is performed by
Placing a number of electrodes in predetermined locations on the skin of the arms, legs, and torso to record the electrical activity of the heart
80
An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a test that checks
For problems with the electrical activity of your heart
81
An EKG translates
The heart's electrical activity into line tracing on paper
82
Waves (EKG)
Spikes and dips in the line tracing
83
Atria
The two upper chambers of the heart
84
Ventricles
The two lower chambers of the heart
85
A natural electrical system causes
The heart muscle to contract and pump blood through the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body
86
Electrocardiography definition
Commonly used noninvasive procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart
87
The record, which is called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), shows
The serves of waves that relate to the electrical impulses which occur during each beat of the heart
88
Electrocardiography is a starting point for
Detecting many cardiac problems
89
Electrocardiography is used
Routinely in physical examinations and for monitoring the patient's condition during and after surgery, as well as during intensive care
90
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Display and recording of the electrical activity of the brain by measurement of changes in electric potentials
91
Electromyography (EMG)
Study and recording of the electrical activity of skeletal muscle
92
Pulse oximetry/capnography
Respiratory status and severity of pulmonary conditions is evaluated in several ways
93
Pulse oximetry
Measures oxygen saturation in percentages
94
Capnography
Estimates arterial levels of carbon dioxide
95
Spirometry
Provides information about lung capacity, resistance, and ventilator pressure
96
Spirometry definition
Noninvasive technique Evaluating respiratory status
97
Blood gas
Venous Arterial blood
98
Urinalysis
Best diagnostic tool Kidneys and urinary tract Clean-catch Catheterized specimens 24 hour collection
99
Culture and sensitivity
Antibiotics Aerobic Anaerobic
100
Gram stain
Retain blue dye - gram positive Retain pink dye - gram negative
101
Culture and sensitivity determines
The exact organism and sensitivity report after 48 hours of incubation
102
Needle biopsy
Least invasive
103
Incisional biopsy
Removal of portion of mass or lesion
104
Excision biopsy
Entire mass or lesion
105
Washings and brush centesis and fluid analysis
Open or laparoscopic cases Fluid specimen trap and subsequently spun down in a centrifuge
106
Spinal tap endoscopy
Lumbar puncture: CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) Can be used preoperatively or intraoperatively to directly visualize internal structures for diagnostic procedures

Surgical Procedures 1 (1 decks)

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