Chapter 13 Cuneiform Content Flashcards
NUN (=rubûm)
‘prince’
Logogram represented in capital letters according to Sumerian rather than Akkadian pronunciation.
syllabic: en
logographic: EN (=bēlum)
‘lord’
Many signs are used both as a logogram and as a syllabogram.
syllabic: bu, pu
logographic GÍD (=arkum) ‘long’
The logographic transliteration is often different from the syllabic one.
syllabic: an
logographic:
AN (=šamû) ‘sky’
DINGIR (=ilum) ‘god’
Many signs have more than one logographic value.
KUR (=mātum) ‘country’
KUR (=šadûm) ‘mountain’
In rare instances, a single logographic value (i.e. one Sumerian word) is equivalent to more than one Akkadian word.
LÚ (=awīlum) ‘person’
Many signs with logographic values have no syllabic values in OB.
GEME2
(in Huehnergard’s text) all homophonic multi-syllable values are indicated with subscript numbers.
(rather than GÉME)
DUMU.MUNUS (=mārtum) ‘daughter’
Consists of DUMU (=mārum) ‘son’ and MUNUS (=sinništum) ‘woman’
Compound logogram (the individual components that represent a single Akkadian word are separated by a period.)
É.GAL (=ekallum) ‘palace’
Consists of É (=bītum) ‘house’ and GAL (=rabûm) ‘large’.
Compound logogram (the individual components that represent a single Akkadian word are separated by a period.)
A.ŠÀ (=eqlum) ‘field’
Consists of A (=mû) ‘water’ and ŠÀ (=libbum) ‘heart’.
Not infrequently, the connection between the meaning of the compound logogram and the meanings of the constituent signs is not apparent.
DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ
(=ilū rabûtum)
‘great gods’
The sign MEŠ (‘they are’ in Sumerian) may be written after logograms to express plurality.
A.ŠÀ.MEŠ (=eqlētum) ‘fields’
The sign MEŠ (‘they are’ in Sumerian) may be written after logograms to express plurality.
Some Assyriologists prefer to indicate these plural markers in transliteration as determinatives (A.ŠÀmeš).
GUD.ḪI.A (=alpū) ‘oxen’
Also common as a mark of plurality after logograms is ḪI.A (formerly also transliterated ḪÁ); unlike MEŠ, ḪI.A does not appear with logograms denoting human beings (or gods).
Some Assyriologists prefer to indicate these plural markers in transliteration as determinatives (GUDḫi.a).
EN KUR.KUR
(=bēl mātātim)
‘master of (all) the lands’
Another means of expressing plurality is the repetition of a logogram; usually, this denotes totality.
AN-ú for šamû ‘sky’
The phonetic complement (one or more syllabograms which give the pronunciation of the last part of the word) clarifies the intended value or meaning of a logogram, especially of one with more than one possible reading in Akkadian.
DINGIR-lum for ilum ‘god’
The phonetic complement (one or more syllabograms which give the pronunciation of the last part of the word) clarifies the intended value or meaning of a logogram, especially of one with more than one possible reading in Akkadian.
i-na KUR-tim
(=ina mātim)
‘in the country’
KUR represents both mātum and šadûm; to indicate which Akkadian word is intended, a phonetic complement may be added.
i-na KUR-i-im
(ina šadîm)
‘in the mountain’
KUR represents both mātum and šadûm; to indicate which Akkadian word is intended, a phonetic complement may be added.
A.ŠÀ-um
for nom. eqlum ‘field’
A phonetic complement may simply clarify the case of the noun represented by a logogram.
A.ŠÀ-lum
for nom. eqlum ‘field’
A phonetic complement may simply clarify the case of the noun represented by a logogram.
In this instance the last consonant of the base is also reflected.
É-šú (=bīssu) ‘his house’
Possessive pronominal suffixes are nearly always indicated by syllabograms.
É.MEŠ DUMU-ia
(=bītāt mārīya)
‘my son’s houses’
Possessive pronominal suffixes are nearly always indicated by syllabograms.
LUGAL-ri for šarrī
‘my king’
The 1cs allomorph -ī is usually indicated after a logogram not by the sign I, but rather by a Ci sign, in which C is the final consonant of the stem of the Akkadian word.
EN-lí for bēlī
‘my lord’
The 1cs allomorph -ī is usually indicated after a logogram not by the sign I, but rather by a Ci sign, in which C is the final consonant of the stem of the Akkadian word.
DUMU LUGAL a-na É.GAL-lim i-ru-ub
or
mār(DUMU) šarrim(LUGAL) a-na ekallim(E.GAL-lim or É.GALlim) i-ru-ub
mār šarrim ana ekallim īrub
‘the king’s son entered the palace’
Two transliteration conventions.
(another is “d u m u l u g a l” etc.)
ZABAR (ud+ka+bar)
siparrum
‘bronze’
Assyriologists use two additional symbols, + and ×, to indicate individual components that constitute a single logographic value. The plus-sign, +, indicates that the constituents appear one after the other.
(The + sign is also used to indicate ligatures of syllabograms: e.g., i+na indicates that the two signs are written together as if they are a single sign.)
EME (ka×me)
lišānum
‘tongue, language’
Assyriologists use two additional symbols, + and ×, to indicate individual components that constitute a single logographic value. The multiplication sign, ×, indicates that the second sign is written inside the first.
syllabogram: is/ṣ/z, es/ṣ/z
logogram GIŠ (=iṣum) ‘wood’
determinative: giš before words for objects made of wood
gišMÁ
eleppum
‘boat’
Example of GIŠ/giš used as determinative.
logogram: NA4 (=abnum) ‘stone’
determinative: na4 before words for objects made of stone or for kinds of stone.
An example of a sign which is a logogram and a determinative but not a syllabogram.
na4ZA.GÌN (=uqnûm) ‘lapis lazuli’
Determinative na4 before words for objects made of stone or for kinds of stone.
(I cannot figure this out - the last glyph seems to be KUR not GÌN. This is the same for both the 2nd and 3rd editions of the text)
uru (URU = ālum ‘city’)
Some names of cities are both preceded by uru and followed by ki.
ki (KI = erṣetum ‘land, district’)
Some names of cities are both preceded by uru and followed by ki.
uruKIŠki
Kiš
‘(the city of) Kish’
Some names of cities are both preceded by uru and followed by ki.
(This entry appeared in the 2nd edition of the text but does not appear in the 3rd.)
urubar-sí-paki
Barsippa
‘(the city of) Borsippa’
Some names of cities are both preceded by uru and followed by ki.
dEN.LÍL
Enlil or Ellil
‘Enlil’ (an important god)
Exception to the practice of transliterating determinatives with their Sumerian value: d (for dingir).
Iḫa-am-mu-ra-pí
Ḫammurapi
‘Hammurapi’
Exception to the practice of transliterating determinatives with their Sumerian value: I or p or m before personal names.
fši-ib-tu
(Šibtu)
‘Shibtu’
Exception to the practice of transliterating determinatives with their Sumerian value: f or mí, before women’s names.
syllabic: en
logographic: EN (=bēlum)
‘lord’
Many signs are used both as a logogram and as a syllabogram.
syllabic: bu, pu
logographic GÍD (=arkum) ‘long’
The logographic transliteration is often different from the syllabic one.
KUR (=mātum) ‘country’
KUR (=šadûm) ‘mountain’
In rare instances, a single logographic value (i.e. one Sumerian word) is equivalent to more than one Akkadian word.
LÚ (=awīlum) ‘person’
Many signs with logographic values have no syllabic values in OB.
GEME2
(in Huehnergard’s text) all homophonic multi-syllable values are indicated with subscript numbers.
(rather than GÉME)
DUMU.MUNUS (=mārtum) ‘daughter’
Consists of DUMU (=mārum) ‘son’ and MUNUS (=sinništum) ‘woman’
Compound logogram (the individual components that represent a single Akkadian word are separated by a period.)
É.GAL (=ekallum) ‘palace’
Consists of É (=bītum) ‘house’ and GAL (=rabûm) ‘large’.
Compound logogram (the individual components that represent a single Akkadian word are separated by a period.)
A.ŠÀ (=eqlum) ‘field’
Consists of A (=mû) ‘water’ and ŠÀ (=libbum) ‘heart’.
Not infrequently, the connection between the meaning of the compound logogram and the meanings of the constituent signs is not apparent.
A.ŠÀ.MEŠ (=eqlētum) ‘fields’
The sign MEŠ (‘they are’ in Sumerian) may be written after logograms to express plurality.
Some Assyriologists prefer to indicate these plural markers in transliteration as determinatives (A.ŠÀmeš).
GUD.ḪI.A (=alpū) ‘oxen’
Also common as a mark of plurality after logograms is ḪI.A (formerly also transliterated ḪÁ); unlike MEŠ, ḪI.A does not appear with logograms denoting human beings (or gods).
Some Assyriologists prefer to indicate these plural markers in transliteration as determinatives (GUDḫi.a).
EN KUR.KUR
(=bēl mātātim)
‘master of (all) the lands’
Another means of expressing plurality is the repetition of a logogram; usually, this denotes totality.
AN-ú for šamû ‘sky’
The phonetic complement (one or more syllabograms which give the pronunciation of the last part of the word) clarifies the intended value or meaning of a logogram, especially of one with more than one possible reading in Akkadian.
DINGIR-lum for ilum ‘god’
The phonetic complement (one or more syllabograms which give the pronunciation of the last part of the word) clarifies the intended value or meaning of a logogram, especially of one with more than one possible reading in Akkadian.
i-na KUR-tim
(=ina mātim)
‘in the country’
KUR represents both mātum and šadûm; to indicate which Akkadian word is intended, a phonetic complement may be added.
i-na KUR-i-im
(ina šadîm)
‘in the mountain’
KUR represents both mātum and šadûm; to indicate which Akkadian word is intended, a phonetic complement may be added.
A.ŠÀ-lum
for nom. eqlum ‘field’
A phonetic complement may simply clarify the case of the noun represented by a logogram.
In this instance the last consonant of the base is also reflected.
A.ŠÀ-lum
for nom. eqlum ‘field’
A phonetic complement may simply clarify the case of the noun represented by a logogram.
In this instance the last consonant of the base is also reflected.
É-šú (=bīssu) ‘his house’
Possessive pronominal suffixes are nearly always indicated by syllabograms.
É.MEŠ DUMU-ia
(=bītāt mārīya)
‘my son’s houses’
Possessive pronominal suffixes are nearly always indicated by syllabograms.
LUGAL-ri for šarrī
‘my king’
The 1cs allomorph -ī is usually indicated after a logogram not by the sign I, but rather by a Ci sign, in which C is the final consonant of the stem of the Akkadian word.
EN-lí for bēlī
‘my lord’
The 1cs allomorph -ī is usually indicated after a logogram not by the sign I, but rather by a Ci sign, in which C is the final consonant of the stem of the Akkadian word.
DUMU LUGAL a-na É.GAL-lim i-ru-ub
or
mār(DUMU) šarrim(LUGAL) a-na ekallim(E.GAL-lim or É.GALlim) i-ru-ub
mār šarrim ana ekallim īrub
‘the king’s son entered the palace’
Two transliteration conventions.
(another is “d u m u l u g a l” etc.)
ZABAR (ud+ka+bar)
siparrum
‘bronze’
Assyriologists use two additional symbols, + and ×, to indicate individual components that constitute a single logographic value. The plus-sign, +, indicates that the constituents appear one after the other.
(The + sign is also used to indicate ligatures of syllabograms: e.g., i+na indicates that the two signs are written together as if they are a single sign.)
EME (ka×me)
lišānum
‘tongue, language’
Assyriologists use two additional symbols, + and ×, to indicate individual components that constitute a single logographic value. The multiplication sign, ×, indicates that the second sign is written inside the first.
syllabogram: is/ṣ/z, es/ṣ/z
logogram GIŠ (=iṣum) ‘wood’
determinative: giš before words for objects made of wood
gišMÁ
eleppum
‘boat’
Example of GIŠ/giš used as determinative.
logogram: NA4 (=abnum) ‘stone’
determinative: na4 before words for objects made of stone or for kinds of stone.
An example of a sign which is a logogram and a determinative but not a syllabogram.
na4ZA.GÌN (=uqnûm) ‘lapis lazuli’
Determinative na4 before words for objects made of stone or for kinds of stone.
(I cannot figure this out - the last glyph seems to be KUR not GÌN. This is the same for both the 2nd and 3rd editions of the text)
uru (URU = ālum ‘city’)
Some names of cities are both preceded by uru and followed by ki.
ki (KI = erṣetum ‘land, district’)
Some names of cities are both preceded by uru and followed by ki.
urubar-sí-paki
Barsippa
‘(the city of) Borsippa’
Some names of cities are both preceded by uru and followed by ki.
dEN.LÍL
Enlil or Ellil
‘Enlil’ (an important god)
Exception to the practice of transliterating determinatives with their Sumerian value: d (for dingir).
Iḫa-am-mu-ra-pí
Ḫammurapi
‘Hammurapi’
Exception to the practice of transliterating determinatives with their Sumerian value: I or p or m before personal names.
fši-ib-tu
(Šibtu)
‘Shibtu’
Exception to the practice of transliterating determinatives with their Sumerian value: f or mí, before women’s names.
