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Human Biology and Physiology > Chapter 13- Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What nervous system is the brain part of?

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

the four main divisions of the brain

A

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

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3
Q

form where does the CNS form in embryo

A

neural plate

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4
Q

flat plate of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the embryo

A

neural plate

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5
Q

rod-shaped tissue that define the axis of the embryo and gives rise to the central region of the intervertebral disks

A

notochord

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6
Q

elevated waves of the neural plate

A

neural folds

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7
Q

crests in the folds of the neural plate

A

neural crests

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8
Q

fusion of the neural folds that give rise to the CNS

A

neural tube

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9
Q

what portion of the neural tube becomes the brain

A

cephalic portion

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10
Q

what portion of the neural tube becomes the spinal cords

A

caudal portion

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11
Q

give rise to all the sensory, autonomic, and enteric neurons of the PNS, and give rise to all pigmented cells of the body, the facial bones, and the dentin of the teeth

A

neural crest cells

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12
Q

three main brain regios developed in early embryo

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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13
Q

what does the forebrain become in the adult brain

A

telencephalon that becomes the cerebrum, and the diencephalon

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14
Q

what does the midbrain become in the adult brain

A

midbrain

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15
Q

what does the hindbrain become in the adult brain

A

metencephalon that becomes the pons and cerebellum, and the myelencephalon tha becomes the medulla oblongata

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16
Q

connects the spinal cord to the base of the rest of the brain

A

brainstem

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17
Q

division of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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18
Q

part of the brain inferiorly continuous wit the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

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19
Q

clusters of gray matter composed mostly of neuron cell bodies

A

nuclei

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20
Q

what does the medulla oblongata contain

A

sensory and motor tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, and related nuclei

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21
Q

function of medullary nuclei

A

centers for vital reflexes
- regulating heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, and sneezing

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22
Q

what structures are on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata

A

pyramids and olives

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23
Q

what are pyramids

A

large descending motor tracts that are involved in conscious control of skeletal muscles that decussate at the inferior ends

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24
Q

what are olives

A

nuclei involved in functions of balance, coordination, and modulation of sound from the inner ear

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25
Q

what nuclei of cranial nerves are located in the medulla oblongata

A

V. trigeminal,
VII. facial,
IX. glossopharyngeal,
X vagus,
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal

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26
Q

what is contained in the pons

A

ascending and descending tracts and several nuclei

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27
Q

these relay information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum

A

pontine nuclei

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28
Q

this initiates rapid eye movement sleep

A

pontine sleep center

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29
Q

this works with the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata to help control respiratory movements

A

pontine respiratory center

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30
Q

what nerve nuclei are coated in the posterior portion of the pons

A

V. trigeminal
VI. abducens
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear

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31
Q

the smallest region of the brainstem

A

midbrain

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32
Q

what is contained in the midbrain

A

nuclei of cranial nerves

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33
Q

what cranial nerves are located in the midbrain

A

III. oculomotor
IV. trochlear
V. trigeminal

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34
Q

what is the corpora quadrigemina

A

four nuclei that form mounds on the dorsal surface of the tectum (roof) of the midbrain

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35
Q

these receive sensory input from visual, auditory, and tactical sensory systems and are involved in the reflex movements of the head, eyes, body towards stimuli

A

superior colliculi (midbrain)

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36
Q

receives input from the inferior colliculi and te cerebrum

A

superior colliculi

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37
Q

involved in hearing ad are an integral part of the auditory pathways in the CNS

A

inferior colliculi

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38
Q

what synapses in the inferior colliculi

A

neurons conducting action potentials form the structures of the inner ear

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39
Q

largely consists of of ascending tracts like the spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus

A

tegmentum

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40
Q

functions of the spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus

A

carry sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain

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41
Q

what is contained in the tegmentum

A

red nuclei, cerebral peduncles, substancia nigra, and tracts

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42
Q

what are red nuclei

A

aid in the unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

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43
Q

what are cerebral peduncles

A

portion of the midbrain ventral to the tegmentum, consisting of primarily descending tracts that carry motor information from the cerebrum to the brainstem

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44
Q

what is the substancia nigra

A

nuclear mass between the cerebral peduncles and the tegmentum that contains cytoplasmic melanin granules that give to a dark gray color

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45
Q

function o the substancia nigra

A

maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements

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46
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

diffuse but interconnected system of loosely packed nuclei catered throughout the midbrain

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47
Q

function of reticular formation

A
  • arousal and awareness
  • receives axons from a large number of sources and from nerves that innervate the face
  • their neurons send axons to the spinal cord in a motor tract that controls posture
  • modulates the activity of cranial nuclei coordinating te rhythmic activities of swallowing, breathing, heart rate
  • controls state of alertness and consciousness, including sleep-wake cycle
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48
Q

the ridges of the cerebellar cortex

A

folia

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49
Q

branching tree of matter in the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

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50
Q

where are the nuclei of the cerebellum located

A

deep inferior center of te white matter

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51
Q

the parts of the cerebellum

A

flocculonodular lobe
vermis
lateral hemispheres

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52
Q

simplest part of the cerebellum that helps control balance and eye movements

A

flocculonodular lobe

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53
Q

part of the cerebellum involved in controlling posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination, producing smooth flowing movements

A

vermis
medial portion of the lateral hemispheres

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54
Q

part of the cerebellum that concert with the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex i. planning, practicing. and learning complex movements

A

major portions of the lateral hemispheres

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55
Q

what divides the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

primary fissure

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56
Q

contains more neurons than the entire cerebral cortex

A

the cerebellar cortex

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57
Q

neurons of the cerebellar cortex

A

stellate
basket
granule
Golgi
Punkinje cells

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58
Q

largest cells in the cns

A

punkinje cells

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59
Q

inhibitory neurons which are the only neurons that send axons to the cerebellum nuclei

A

punkinje cells

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60
Q

divisions of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus

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61
Q

consists of clusters of nuclei with two large portions connected in the center by the interthalamic adhesion

A

Thalamus

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62
Q

what is the space that surrounds the interthalamic adhesion that separates the two large portions of the thalamus

A

third ventricle

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63
Q

what is the thalamus considered

A

sensory relay center

64
Q

what happens in the sensory relay center

A

all sensory neurons that project to the cerebrum first synapse in the thalamus

65
Q

the one exception of the sensory relay center

A

the olfactory neuron, which project directly to the cerebral cortex

66
Q

where do axons carrying auditory information synapse in the thalamus

A

medial génica late nucleus

67
Q

where do axons carrying visual information synapse in the thalamus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

68
Q

where do most sensory impulses that register pain synapse in the thalamus

A

ventral posterior nucleus

69
Q

what nucleus of the thalamus are involved in motor functions, communicating among the basal nuclei, the erebellum and the motor cortex

A

ventral anterior nucleus
ventral lateral nucleus

70
Q

what does the thalamus influence

A

mood and actions associated with strong emotions like fear and rage

71
Q

these are functionally part of the subcortical basal nuclei that are involved in controlling motor functions

A

subthalamic nuclei

72
Q

consists of the habenula and the pineal gland

A

epithalamus

73
Q

involved in motivational control of behavior that involve reward and subsequent addictions

A

habenula

74
Q

involved in the modulation of sleep wake cycle, production of melatonin

A

pineal gland

75
Q

bulges on the ventral surface of the diencephalon that are involved in olfactory reflexes, memory, and emotional responses to odors

A

mammillary bodies

76
Q

the central controller of the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

77
Q

connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

78
Q

regulate the pituitary glands secretion of hormones

A

parventricular nucleus and optic nucleus

79
Q

influence functions of metabolism, reproduction, responses to stressful stimuli,a md urine production

A

pituitary gland

80
Q

sensory neurons that terminate in the hypothalamus provide input form where

A

internal organs
taste receptors in tongue
limbic system
cutaneous areas like nipple and genitalia
eyes

81
Q

the major coordinating center of the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

function of the hypothalamus

A

autonomic- heart rate, urine release, movement of food in digestive system, blood vessel diameter
Endocrine- regulate pituitary gland secretion, metabolism, ion concentration, sexual development, sexual function
Muscle control- muscles involved in swallowing, shivering
regulation of body temperature
regulation of food and water intake- hunger an thirst
Emotions
regulation of sleep-wake cycle
Sexual development and behavior -

83
Q

divides the hemispheres of the brain

A

longitudinal fissure

84
Q

folds on the surface of each hemisphere

A

gyri

85
Q

te grooves between the gyri

A

sulci

86
Q

located midway along the length of the brain, separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulus

87
Q

the primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

88
Q

the primary somatic sensory cortex

A

post central gyrus

89
Q

lobe important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood

A

frontal lobe

90
Q

involved in personality and decision making

A

prefrontal cortex

91
Q

the major center for receiving and evaluating most sensor information, except for smell, hearing, taste, and vision

A

parietal lobe

92
Q

lobe that functions in receiving and integrating visual input

A

occipital lobe

93
Q

lobe that receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing, plays a important role in memory
anterior and inferior portions are associated with thought and judgement

A

temporal lobe

94
Q

separated the temporal lobe fro the rest of the cerebrum

A

lateral fissure

95
Q

located deep within the lateral fissure, receives and evaluates taste information

A

insular lobe

96
Q

the gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

97
Q

cells located in the cerebral cortex

A

fusiform cells
stellate cells
pyramidal cells

98
Q

the white matter of the brain between the cortex and the nuclei

A

cerebral medulla

99
Q

types of fibers in the cerebral medulla that connect area of the cerebral cortex to each other and other parts of the CNS

A

association fibers
commissural fibers
projection fibers

100
Q

connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

101
Q

connect one cerebral hemisphere to another

A

commissural fibers

102
Q

bundles o commissural fibers

A

commissure

103
Q

the largest bundle of commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum

104
Q

connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord

A

projection fibers

105
Q

a group of functionally related nuclei beneath the cortex that are the largest nuclei of the brain, involved in controlling motor functions

A

basal nuclei

106
Q

the nuclei in the cerebrum are collectively called

A

corpus striatum

107
Q

basal nuclei include …

A

corps striatum
subthalamic nucleus
substancia nigra

108
Q

parts of the cerebrum and the diencephalon are known as what

A

limbic system

109
Q

system that plays major roles in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory and influences endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

A

limbic system

110
Q

the emotion center of the brain

A

limbic system

111
Q

the areas of the limbic system

A

certain cerebral cortical areas, including cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
the hippocampus
the amygdala
the subcortical nuclei, including the anterior nuclei of the thalamus and the habenula
the hypothalamus, especially the mammillary bodies
the olfactory cortex

112
Q

connective tissue membrane that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

113
Q

the three meníngeas membranes

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

114
Q

most superficial meningeal membrane which is composed of dense irregular connective tissue

A

dura mater

115
Q

the space between the dura mater and the vertebral bones

A

epidural space

116
Q

the dura mater that adheres to the inner periosteum of the cranial bones

A

periostea dura mater

117
Q

the inner layer of the dura mater that is continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord

A

meningeal dura mater

118
Q

tough connective tissue portions that extend into the major brain fissures that help hold the brain place within the skull

A

dura folds

119
Q

the largest dural fold that is anchored anteriorly to the ethmoid bone

A

fall cerebri

120
Q

drainage channels that form where two layers of the dura mater are separated, they re lined with endothelium and transport venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid away from the brain

A

dural venous sinuses

121
Q

a very thin wispy membrane that lies beneath the dura mater

A

arachnoid mater

122
Q

the space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater that contains a small amount of serous fluid

A

sub dural space

123
Q

is bound tightly to the surface of the brain

A

pia mater

124
Q

space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains weblike strands of arachnoid mater and the blood vessels supplying the brain

A

subaranchnoid mater

125
Q

the space between the meningeal membranes that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

126
Q

an interconnected series of cavities that bathe the brain in CSF, they are derived form the hollow tube of embryonic neural tube and are lined with a single layer of epitelial cells called ependymal cells

A

venricles

127
Q

membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

A

septum pellucidum

128
Q

connects the third and fourth ventricles passing through the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct

129
Q

ventricle continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

A

fourth ventricle

130
Q

clear fluid similar to blood serum that bathes the brain and spinal cord providing protection cushion around the CNS, and the brain from shock by rapid head movements

allows the brain to float within the cranial cavity

A

CFS

131
Q

produces CFS

A

choroid plexus

132
Q

how is CFS formed

A

by the transport of water and solutes from the blood through mechanisms

133
Q

pathway of CFS

A
  1. CFS is produced by the choroid plexus of each of the fourth ventricles
  2. CFS from lateral ventricles flows through the inter ventricular for amina to the third ventricle
  3. CFS flows from the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle’
  4. CFS exits the fourth ventricle through the lateral and medial apertures and enters the subarachnoid space. some enters the central canal
  5. CFS flows through the subaranchnoid space to the arachnoid granulations in the superior sagital sinus, where it enters the venous circulation
134
Q

supplies the brain with blood

A

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

135
Q

types of nerves whose functions include special senses, vision and more general senses like touch and pain

A

sensory

136
Q

types of nerves whose functions involve the control of skeletal muscles through motor neurons

A

Somatic

137
Q

types of nerves whose functions involve the regulation of glands, smooth muscles,a md cardiac muscles

A
138
Q

nerves that are only sensory

A

I. Olfactory
II. Optic
VIII. Vestibulocochlear

139
Q

nerves that are only Somatic Motor

A

IV. Trochlear
VI. Abducens
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal

140
Q

nerves that are somatic motor and sensory

A

V. Trigeminal

141
Q

nerves that are somatic motor and parasympathetic

A

III. Oculomotor

142
Q

nerves that are somatic motor, sensory and parasympathetic

A

VII. Facial
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus

143
Q

sensory nerve involved in sense of smell

A

I. Olfactory

144
Q

sensory nerve involved in sense of vision

A

II. Optic

145
Q

Somatic motor: innervates the superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles and the inferior oblique muscle, and the levator palpebrae superior is muscle, which raises the superior eyelid

Parasympathetic: innervate smooth muscles in the eye and regulate the size of the pupil and the shape of the lens of the eye

A

III. oculomotor

146
Q

Somatic motor nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscles responsible for moving the eyeball

A

IV. Trochlear

147
Q

the awareness of the position of of your various body parts

A

propioception

148
Q

Motor: motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, one middle ear muscle , one palatine muscle, and two throat muscles, carrries propioceptive information form the temporomadibular joint, tongue, and cheek which lows to chew food

Sensory: only cranial nerve involved in sensory cutaneous innervation, also provides sensory innervation of the blood vessels of the meninges associated with pain of migraines and headaches innervates the teeth and mandible

A

V. Trigeminal

149
Q

somatic motor nerve that innervates the lateral rectus of the eye muscles allowing movements of the eye

A

VI. Abducens

150
Q

Motor: Controls all muscles of the facial expression , a small muscle in the middle ear, and two hyoid muscles

Sensory: sense of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

Parasympathetic: innervation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the outhouse and lacrimal glands of the eye

A

VII. Facial

151
Q

sensory: hearing and balance

A

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

152
Q

Motor: to one muscle of the pharynx

Sensory: sense of taste, osteoporosis portion of the tongue

Parasympathetic: innervation of the parotid salivary glands

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal

153
Q

Motor: innervates most muscles of the soft plate, larynx, and pharynx

Sensory : taste from the root of the tongue , inferior pharynx and the larynx transmit sensory input from receptors in the aortic arch which monitor blood pressure, coveys sensory information from the thoracic and abdominal organs

Parasympathetic: carries fiber to the heart and lungs in the thorax and to the digestive organs and kidneys in the abdomen

A

X. Vagus

154
Q

somatic motor: cranial roots join the vagus nerve and participates in its function, allows movement of neck and shoulders

A

XI. Accessory

155
Q

somatic motor nerve that arises from the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, it supplies the intrinsic tongue muscles

A

XII. Hypoglossal

Human Biology and Physiology (3 decks)

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