Chapter 13- Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
1
Q
What nervous system is the brain part of?
A
central nervous system
2
Q
the four main divisions of the brain
A
brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
3
Q
form where does the CNS form in embryo
A
neural plate
4
Q
flat plate of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the embryo
A
neural plate
5
Q
rod-shaped tissue that define the axis of the embryo and gives rise to the central region of the intervertebral disks
A
notochord
6
Q
elevated waves of the neural plate
A
neural folds
7
Q
crests in the folds of the neural plate
A
neural crests
8
Q
fusion of the neural folds that give rise to the CNS
A
neural tube
9
Q
what portion of the neural tube becomes the brain
A
cephalic portion
10
Q
what portion of the neural tube becomes the spinal cords
A
caudal portion
11
Q
give rise to all the sensory, autonomic, and enteric neurons of the PNS, and give rise to all pigmented cells of the body, the facial bones, and the dentin of the teeth
A
neural crest cells
12
Q
three main brain regios developed in early embryo
A
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
13
Q
what does the forebrain become in the adult brain
A
telencephalon that becomes the cerebrum, and the diencephalon
14
Q
what does the midbrain become in the adult brain
A
midbrain
15
Q
what does the hindbrain become in the adult brain
A
metencephalon that becomes the pons and cerebellum, and the myelencephalon tha becomes the medulla oblongata
16
Q
connects the spinal cord to the base of the rest of the brain
A
brainstem
17
Q
division of the brainstem
A
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
18
Q
part of the brain inferiorly continuous wit the spinal cord
A
medulla oblongata
19
Q
clusters of gray matter composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
A
nuclei
20
Q
what does the medulla oblongata contain
A
sensory and motor tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, and related nuclei
21
Q
function of medullary nuclei
A
centers for vital reflexes
- regulating heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, and sneezing
22
Q
what structures are on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata
A
pyramids and olives
23
Q
what are pyramids
A
large descending motor tracts that are involved in conscious control of skeletal muscles that decussate at the inferior ends
24
Q
what are olives
A
nuclei involved in functions of balance, coordination, and modulation of sound from the inner ear
25
what nuclei of cranial nerves are located in the medulla oblongata
V. trigeminal,
VII. facial,
IX. glossopharyngeal,
X vagus,
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal
26
what is contained in the pons
ascending and descending tracts and several nuclei
27
these relay information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
pontine nuclei
28
this initiates rapid eye movement sleep
pontine sleep center
29
this works with the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata to help control respiratory movements
pontine respiratory center
30
what nerve nuclei are coated in the posterior portion of the pons
V. trigeminal
VI. abducens
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear
31
the smallest region of the brainstem
midbrain
32
what is contained in the midbrain
nuclei of cranial nerves
33
what cranial nerves are located in the midbrain
III. oculomotor
IV. trochlear
V. trigeminal
34
what is the corpora quadrigemina
four nuclei that form mounds on the dorsal surface of the tectum (roof) of the midbrain
35
these receive sensory input from visual, auditory, and tactical sensory systems and are involved in the reflex movements of the head, eyes, body towards stimuli
superior colliculi (midbrain)
36
receives input from the inferior colliculi and te cerebrum
superior colliculi
37
involved in hearing ad are an integral part of the auditory pathways in the CNS
inferior colliculi
38
what synapses in the inferior colliculi
neurons conducting action potentials form the structures of the inner ear
39
largely consists of of ascending tracts like the spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus
tegmentum
40
functions of the spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus
carry sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain
41
what is contained in the tegmentum
red nuclei, cerebral peduncles, substancia nigra, and tracts
42
what are red nuclei
aid in the unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities
43
what are cerebral peduncles
portion of the midbrain ventral to the tegmentum, consisting of primarily descending tracts that carry motor information from the cerebrum to the brainstem
44
what is the substancia nigra
nuclear mass between the cerebral peduncles and the tegmentum that contains cytoplasmic melanin granules that give to a dark gray color
45
function o the substancia nigra
maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements
46
what is the reticular formation
diffuse but interconnected system of loosely packed nuclei catered throughout the midbrain
47
function of reticular formation
- arousal and awareness
- receives axons from a large number of sources and from nerves that innervate the face
- their neurons send axons to the spinal cord in a motor tract that controls posture
- modulates the activity of cranial nuclei coordinating te rhythmic activities of swallowing, breathing, heart rate
- controls state of alertness and consciousness, including sleep-wake cycle
48
the ridges of the cerebellar cortex
folia
49
branching tree of matter in the cerebellum
arbor vitae
50
where are the nuclei of the cerebellum located
deep inferior center of te white matter
51
the parts of the cerebellum
flocculonodular lobe
vermis
lateral hemispheres
52
simplest part of the cerebellum that helps control balance and eye movements
flocculonodular lobe
53
part of the cerebellum involved in controlling posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination, producing smooth flowing movements
vermis
medial portion of the lateral hemispheres
54
part of the cerebellum that concert with the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex i. planning, practicing. and learning complex movements
major portions of the lateral hemispheres
55
what divides the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum
primary fissure
56
contains more neurons than the entire cerebral cortex
the cerebellar cortex
57
neurons of the cerebellar cortex
stellate
basket
granule
Golgi
Punkinje cells
58
largest cells in the cns
punkinje cells
59
inhibitory neurons which are the only neurons that send axons to the cerebellum nuclei
punkinje cells
60
divisions of the diencephalon
thalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
61
consists of clusters of nuclei with two large portions connected in the center by the interthalamic adhesion
Thalamus
62
what is the space that surrounds the interthalamic adhesion that separates the two large portions of the thalamus
third ventricle
63
what is the thalamus considered
sensory relay center
64
what happens in the sensory relay center
all sensory neurons that project to the cerebrum first synapse in the thalamus
65
the one exception of the sensory relay center
the olfactory neuron, which project directly to the cerebral cortex
66
where do axons carrying auditory information synapse in the thalamus
medial génica late nucleus
67
where do axons carrying visual information synapse in the thalamus
lateral geniculate nucleus
68
where do most sensory impulses that register pain synapse in the thalamus
ventral posterior nucleus
69
what nucleus of the thalamus are involved in motor functions, communicating among the basal nuclei, the erebellum and the motor cortex
ventral anterior nucleus
ventral lateral nucleus
70
what does the thalamus influence
mood and actions associated with strong emotions like fear and rage
71
these are functionally part of the subcortical basal nuclei that are involved in controlling motor functions
subthalamic nuclei
72
consists of the habenula and the pineal gland
epithalamus
73
involved in motivational control of behavior that involve reward and subsequent addictions
habenula
74
involved in the modulation of sleep wake cycle, production of melatonin
pineal gland
75
bulges on the ventral surface of the diencephalon that are involved in olfactory reflexes, memory, and emotional responses to odors
mammillary bodies
76
the central controller of the endocrine system
hypothalamus
77
connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
78
regulate the pituitary glands secretion of hormones
parventricular nucleus and optic nucleus
79
influence functions of metabolism, reproduction, responses to stressful stimuli,a md urine production
pituitary gland
80
sensory neurons that terminate in the hypothalamus provide input form where
internal organs
taste receptors in tongue
limbic system
cutaneous areas like nipple and genitalia
eyes
81
the major coordinating center of the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
82
function of the hypothalamus
autonomic- heart rate, urine release, movement of food in digestive system, blood vessel diameter
Endocrine- regulate pituitary gland secretion, metabolism, ion concentration, sexual development, sexual function
Muscle control- muscles involved in swallowing, shivering
regulation of body temperature
regulation of food and water intake- hunger an thirst
Emotions
regulation of sleep-wake cycle
Sexual development and behavior -
83
divides the hemispheres of the brain
longitudinal fissure
84
folds on the surface of each hemisphere
gyri
85
te grooves between the gyri
sulci
86
located midway along the length of the brain, separates the frontal and parietal lobes
central sulus
87
the primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
88
the primary somatic sensory cortex
post central gyrus
89
lobe important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood
frontal lobe
90
involved in personality and decision making
prefrontal cortex
91
the major center for receiving and evaluating most sensor information, except for smell, hearing, taste, and vision
parietal lobe
92
lobe that functions in receiving and integrating visual input
occipital lobe
93
lobe that receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing, plays a important role in memory
anterior and inferior portions are associated with thought and judgement
temporal lobe
94
separated the temporal lobe fro the rest of the cerebrum
lateral fissure
95
located deep within the lateral fissure, receives and evaluates taste information
insular lobe
96
the gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
97
cells located in the cerebral cortex
fusiform cells
stellate cells
pyramidal cells
98
the white matter of the brain between the cortex and the nuclei
cerebral medulla
99
types of fibers in the cerebral medulla that connect area of the cerebral cortex to each other and other parts of the CNS
association fibers
commissural fibers
projection fibers
100
connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
association fibers
101
connect one cerebral hemisphere to another
commissural fibers
102
bundles o commissural fibers
commissure
103
the largest bundle of commissural fibers
corpus callosum
104
connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord
projection fibers
105
a group of functionally related nuclei beneath the cortex that are the largest nuclei of the brain, involved in controlling motor functions
basal nuclei
106
the nuclei in the cerebrum are collectively called
corpus striatum
107
basal nuclei include …
corps striatum
subthalamic nucleus
substancia nigra
108
parts of the cerebrum and the diencephalon are known as what
limbic system
109
system that plays major roles in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory and influences endocrine and autonomic nervous systems
limbic system
110
the emotion center of the brain
limbic system
111
the areas of the limbic system
certain cerebral cortical areas, including cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
the hippocampus
the amygdala
the subcortical nuclei, including the anterior nuclei of the thalamus and the habenula
the hypothalamus, especially the mammillary bodies
the olfactory cortex
112
connective tissue membrane that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
meninges
113
the three meníngeas membranes
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
114
most superficial meningeal membrane which is composed of dense irregular connective tissue
dura mater
115
the space between the dura mater and the vertebral bones
epidural space
116
the dura mater that adheres to the inner periosteum of the cranial bones
periostea dura mater
117
the inner layer of the dura mater that is continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord
meningeal dura mater
118
tough connective tissue portions that extend into the major brain fissures that help hold the brain place within the skull
dura folds
119
the largest dural fold that is anchored anteriorly to the ethmoid bone
fall cerebri
120
drainage channels that form where two layers of the dura mater are separated, they re lined with endothelium and transport venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid away from the brain
dural venous sinuses
121
a very thin wispy membrane that lies beneath the dura mater
arachnoid mater
122
the space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater that contains a small amount of serous fluid
sub dural space
123
is bound tightly to the surface of the brain
pia mater
124
space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains weblike strands of arachnoid mater and the blood vessels supplying the brain
subaranchnoid mater
125
the space between the meningeal membranes that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
subarachnoid space
126
an interconnected series of cavities that bathe the brain in CSF, they are derived form the hollow tube of embryonic neural tube and are lined with a single layer of epitelial cells called ependymal cells
venricles
127
membrane that separates the lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
128
connects the third and fourth ventricles passing through the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
129
ventricle continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
fourth ventricle
130
clear fluid similar to blood serum that bathes the brain and spinal cord providing protection cushion around the CNS, and the brain from shock by rapid head movements
allows the brain to float within the cranial cavity
CFS
131
produces CFS
choroid plexus
132
how is CFS formed
by the transport of water and solutes from the blood through mechanisms
133
pathway of CFS
1. CFS is produced by the choroid plexus of each of the fourth ventricles
2. CFS from lateral ventricles flows through the inter ventricular for amina to the third ventricle
3. CFS flows from the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle’
4. CFS exits the fourth ventricle through the lateral and medial apertures and enters the subarachnoid space. some enters the central canal
5. CFS flows through the subaranchnoid space to the arachnoid granulations in the superior sagital sinus, where it enters the venous circulation
134
supplies the brain with blood
internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries
135
types of nerves whose functions include special senses, vision and more general senses like touch and pain
sensory
136
types of nerves whose functions involve the control of skeletal muscles through motor neurons
Somatic
137
types of nerves whose functions involve the regulation of glands, smooth muscles,a md cardiac muscles
138
nerves that are only sensory
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
139
nerves that are only Somatic Motor
IV. Trochlear
VI. Abducens
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
140
nerves that are somatic motor and sensory
V. Trigeminal
141
nerves that are somatic motor and parasympathetic
III. Oculomotor
142
nerves that are somatic motor, sensory and parasympathetic
VII. Facial
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
143
sensory nerve involved in sense of smell
I. Olfactory
144
sensory nerve involved in sense of vision
II. Optic
145
Somatic motor: innervates the superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles and the inferior oblique muscle, and the levator palpebrae superior is muscle, which raises the superior eyelid
Parasympathetic: innervate smooth muscles in the eye and regulate the size of the pupil and the shape of the lens of the eye
III. oculomotor
146
Somatic motor nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscles responsible for moving the eyeball
IV. Trochlear
147
the awareness of the position of of your various body parts
propioception
148
Motor: motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, one middle ear muscle , one palatine muscle, and two throat muscles, carrries propioceptive information form the temporomadibular joint, tongue, and cheek which lows to chew food
Sensory: only cranial nerve involved in sensory cutaneous innervation, also provides sensory innervation of the blood vessels of the meninges associated with pain of migraines and headaches innervates the teeth and mandible
V. Trigeminal
149
somatic motor nerve that innervates the lateral rectus of the eye muscles allowing movements of the eye
VI. Abducens
150
Motor: Controls all muscles of the facial expression , a small muscle in the middle ear, and two hyoid muscles
Sensory: sense of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Parasympathetic: innervation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the outhouse and lacrimal glands of the eye
VII. Facial
151
sensory: hearing and balance
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
152
Motor: to one muscle of the pharynx
Sensory: sense of taste, osteoporosis portion of the tongue
Parasympathetic: innervation of the parotid salivary glands
IX. Glossopharyngeal
153
Motor: innervates most muscles of the soft plate, larynx, and pharynx
Sensory : taste from the root of the tongue , inferior pharynx and the larynx transmit sensory input from receptors in the aortic arch which monitor blood pressure, coveys sensory information from the thoracic and abdominal organs
Parasympathetic: carries fiber to the heart and lungs in the thorax and to the digestive organs and kidneys in the abdomen
X. Vagus
154
somatic motor: cranial roots join the vagus nerve and participates in its function, allows movement of neck and shoulders
XI. Accessory
155
somatic motor nerve that arises from the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, it supplies the intrinsic tongue muscles
XII. Hypoglossal
